The Conceptual Framework of Taqwa: A Comparative Exegetical Study of Classical and Contemporary Approaches with Reference to the 30th Juz of the Qur'an

Abstract

Taqwā is a fundamental ethical and spiritual concept in the Qur'an that shapes moral consciousness and human behavior. Although many studies have addressed the theological dimension of Taqwā, the conceptual framework is still far from adequately researched, especially in terms of comparative analysis between classical and modern exegesis with a focus on the 30th Juz (Juz 'Amma). The current study fills that gap by closely examining selected āyāts of the 30th Juz and how interpretations of Taqwā as a concept have changed across different scholarly traditions. The research is qualitative, thematic, and comparative, analyzing āyāts within the context of classical tafsir works by Al-Tabari, Al-Qurtubi, and Ibn Kathir, as well as modern exegeses such as Bayan al-Qur'an, Ma'ariful Qur'an, and Tafhim-ul-Qur'an. The results show that classical mufassirun relate Taqwā to fear-based obedience (wiqayah) and accountability in the Hereafter, while modern mufassirs interpret it as reference to social responsibility and practical ethical engagement. Drawing on these perspectives, this study proposes an integrated conceptual framework of Taqwā that combines spiritual piety with modern social harmony.