The Influence of Spirituality on the Resilience of Victims of Online Gender-Based Violence in Early Adulthood: Self-Esteem Mediation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23917/indigenous.v10i3.10625Keywords:
Resilience, spirituality, self-esteem, online gender based violence, early adultAbstract
Easy internet access and rising usage intensity have contributed to the rise in Online Gender Based Violence (OGBV), with early adult showing the highest internet use and OGBV cases. Resilience has an important role for victims to deal with the negative impact. Spirituality is one predictor of resilience, but previous findings show a weak relationship between the two, so a mediator variable is needed. Spirituality, which also affects self-esteem, may help enhance resilience. This study aims to determine the role of self-esteem in mediating the effect of spirituality on resilience in early adult victims of OGBV. A total of 116 OGBV victims aged 18–25 and living in West Java participated by completing the CD-RISC, SWBQ and SLCS-R scale questionnaires online. Data were analyzed using path regression and bootstrapping with Process Macro for SPSS 4.2. The results showed that there was a significant effect of spirituality on resilience in early adult victims of OGBV by 0.0135 (p < 0.05). Then there is a significant effect of self-esteem on resilience in early adult victims of OGBV by 0.0000 (p < 0.05). Then it is proven that there is a role of self-esteem in mediating the effect of spirituality on the resilience of early adult victims of OGBV by 0.8463 (p < 0.05). Therefore, all hypotheses in this study are accepted. Spirituality contributes 56.82% to resilience through self-esteem, and the remaining 43.18% is explained by other variables excluded from the study. Practically, spiritual activities help boost self-esteem and resilience in OGBV survivors.
References
Adkiras, F., Zubarita, F. R., & Maharani Fauzi, Z. T. (2021). Konstruksi pengaturan kekerasan berbasis gender online di Indonesia. Jurnal Lex Renaissance, 6(4), 781–798. https://doi.org/10.20885/JLR.vol6.iss4.art10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20885/JLR.vol6.iss4.art10
Afifah, V. F., & Merdiaty, N. (2024). Hubungan kekerasan dalam berpacaran dengan resiliensi pada mahasiswa di Universitas X Kota Bekasi. Jurnal Ilmiah Wahana Pendidikan, 10(22), 490–500. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14567131
Andriani, A., & Listiyandini, R. A. (2017). Peran kecerdasan sosial terhadap resiliensi pada mahasiswa tingkat awal. Psympathic: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 4(1), 67–90. https://doi.org/10.15575/psy.v4i1.1261 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15575/psy.v4i1.1261
APJII. (2024, February 7). Jumlah pengguna internet Indonesia tembus 221 juta orang. Retrieved from https://apjii.or.id/berita/d/apjii-jumlah-pengguna-internet-indonesia-tembus-221-juta-orang
Asfami, A., Marjohan, M., & Nirwana, H. (2020). The contribution of self esteem and family social support to the women victims of domestic violence resilience. Jurnal Aplikasi IPTEK Indonesia, 4(3), 205–211. https://doi.org/10.24036/4.34382 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24036/4.34382
Awanisa, A., Perbawati, C., & Hasyimzum, Y. (2023). Analysis of the importance of regulating cyber gender-based violence (KBGS) in Indonesia based on the perspective of legal system theory. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 10(4), 517–534. https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v10i4.4614
Azwar, S. (2012). Penyusunan Skala Psikologi (2nd ed.). Pustaka Belajar.
Borji, M., Memaryan, N., Khorrami, Z., Farshadnia, E., & Sadighpour, M. (2019). Spiritual health and resilience among university students: The mediating role of self-esteem. Pastoral Psychology, 69(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-019-00889-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-019-00889-y
Chen, X., & Ma, R. (2023). Adolescents’ self-esteem: The influence factors and solutions. Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences, 8(2023), 1562–1566. https://doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v8i.4520 DOI: https://doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v8i.4520
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
Craig, D. J., Fardouly, J., & Rapee, R. M. (2022). The effect of spirituality on mood: Mediation by self-esteem, social support, and meaning in life. Journal of Religion and Health, 61(1), 228–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01342-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01342-2
Deliviana, E. (2021). Resiliensi dan post traumatic growth mahasiswa korban kekerasan dalam pacaran. Jurnal Inada: Kajian Perempuan Indonesia di Daerah Tertinggal, Terdepan, dan Terluar, 4(2), 46–61. https://doi.org/10.33541/ji.v4i2.6089 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33541/ji.v4i2.6089
Dewi, D. S. E., & Hamzah, H. B. (2019). The relationship between spirituality, quality of life, and resilience. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Community Development (ICCD 2019), 30(3), 268–278. https://doi.org/10.2991/iccd-19.2019.39 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/iccd-19.2019.39
Djuri, A. M., Nurjaman, T. A., & Yudhawati, D. (2024). Tak berdiam lagi: Menginvestigasi resiliensi wanita korban kekerasan dalam pacaran. NUSANTARA: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial, 11(1), 277–288. https://doi.org/10.31604/jips.v11i1.2024
Edis, E. K., & Bal, S. (2024). Life satisfaction, psychological resilience, and spiritual well-being levels of pregnant women. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 9(3), 241–257. https://doi.org/10.37898/spiritualpc.1449307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37898/spiritualpc.1449307
Fenton, A., Ahmed, W., Hardey, M. (Maz), Boardman, R., & Kavanagh, E. (2024). Women’s football subculture of misogyny: The escalation to online gender-based violence. European Sport Management Quarterly, 24(6), 1215–1237. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2023.2270566 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2023.2270566
Fergerson, A. K., & Brausch, A. M. (2022). Resilience mediates the relationship between PTSD symptoms and disordered eating in college women who have experienced sexual victimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(1–2), NP1013–NP1030. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520918581 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520918581
Ford, J. L., & Ivancic, S. R. (2020). Surviving organizational tolerance of sexual harassment: An exploration of resilience, vulnerability, and harassment fatigue. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 48(2), 186–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2020.1739317 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00909882.2020.1739317
Gábová, K., Maliňáková, K., & Tavel, P. (2021). Associations of self-esteem with different aspects of religiosity and spirituality. Ceskoslovenska Psychologie, 65(1), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.51561/cspsych.65.1.73 DOI: https://doi.org/10.51561/cspsych.65.1.73
Gomez, R., & Fisher, J. W. (2003). Domains of spiritual well-being and development and validation of the spiritual well-being questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(8), 1975–1991. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00045-X DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00045-X
Hanan, M. A., Yuniasanti, R., & Efendy, M. (2024). The relationship between resilience and work stress in Generation Z retail employees in Surabaya. Jurnal Konseling Pendidikan Islam, 5(1), 134–143. https://doi.org/10.32806/jkpi.v5i1.126 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32806/jkpi.v5i1.126
Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76(4), 408–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750903310360 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750903310360
Ibrahim, I. (2021). Pengaruh nilai yang dirasakan terhadap niat pembelian kembali pelanggan Toyota: “Kepuasan pelanggan sebagai variabel mediasi”: (Studi kasus pelanggan Toyota di kab.pidie). Jurnal Al-Mizan, 8(2), 220–232. https://doi.org/10.54621/jiam.v8i2.138 DOI: https://doi.org/10.54621/jiam.v8i2.138
Isnawati, I., Yusuf, M., Zamhari, A., & Hermansah, T. (2022). Online gender-based violence education through the program ‘Perempuan Aman internetan.’ Proceedings of the 4th International Colloquium on Interdisciplinary Islamic Studies in Conjunction with the 1st International Conference on Education, Science, Technology, Indonesian and Islamic Studies, ICIIS and ICESTIIS 2021, 20-21 October 2021, Jambi, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.20-10-2021.2316335 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.20-10-2021.2316335
Jankowiak, B., Jaskulska, S., Sanz-Barbero, B., Waszyńska, K., Claire, K. D., Bowes, N., Silva, E., Neves, S., Albaladejo-Blázquez, N., Pyżalski, J., Chmura-Rutkowska, I., & Vives-Cases, C. (2021). Will I like myself if you hurt me? Experiences of violence and adolescents’ self-esteem. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(21), 11620. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111620 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111620
Kaisar, M., & Kurniawan, Y. (2022). Gambaran resiliensi perempuan penyintas kekerasan dalam rumah tangga. Psikodimensia, 21(2), 206–215. https://doi.org/10.24167/psidim.v21i2.4669 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24167/psidim.v21i2.4669
Karahan, M., Kiziltan Eliacik, B. B., & Baydili, K. N. (2024). The interplay of spiritual health, resilience, and happiness: An evaluation among a group of dental students at a state university in Turkey. BMC Oral Health, 24(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-024-04297-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-024-04297-4
Khoiriyah, Z. A., Aini, F., Swara, Y. Y., Sundawa, D., & Muthaqin, D. I. (2024). Sosialisasi Pemahaman dan Pencegahan Kekerasan Berbasis Gender Online dalam Upaya Membentuk Kesadaran Hukum pada Generasi Z. Legal Empowerment: Jurnal Pengabdian Hukum, 2(2), 63–75. https://doi.org/10.46924/legalempowerment.v2i2.25 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46924/legalempowerment.v2i2.251
Kielkiewicz, K., Mathúna, C. Ó., & McLaughlin, C. (2020). Construct validity and dimensionality of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale and its association with spiritual values within Irish population. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(1), 381–398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-019-00821-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-019-00821-x
KOMNAS Perempuan. (2024). Momentum perubahan: Peluang penguatan sistem penyikapan di tengah peningkatan kompleksitas kekerasan terhadap perempuan. Retrieved from https://komnasperempuan.go.id/download-file/1115
KOMNAS Perempuan. (2025). Menata data, menajamkan arah: Refleksi pendokumentasian dan tren kasus kekerasan terhadap perempuan. Retrieved from https://komnasperempuan.go.id/download-file/1316
Kusristanti, C., Triman, A., & Paramitha, R. G. (2020). Resiliensi trauma pada dewasa muda penyintas kekerasan yang terindikasi posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Personifikasi: Jurnal Ilmu Psikologi, 11(1), 16–33. https://doi.org/10.21107/personifikasi.v11i1.7287 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21107/personifikasi.v11i1.7287
Maharani, E. S. D. (2022). Hubungan antara self-esteem dengan body image pada remaja putri pengguna aktif Instagram di Pekanbaru [Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau]. Retrieved from https://repository.uin-suska.ac.id/61327/2/SKRIPSI
Mahensa, I. R., Kinanthi, M. R., & Febriani, Z. (2022). Dimensions of a healthy lifestyle among early adolescents: The simultaneous contribution of spirituality and family cohesiveness. Indigenous: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 7(3), 232–245. https://doi.org/10.23917/indigenous.v7i3.19840 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23917/indigenous.v7i3.19840
Martínez-Bacaicoa, J., Henry, N., Mateos-Pérez, E., & Gámez-Guadix, M. (2024). Online gendered violence victimization among adults: Prevalence, predictors and psychological outcomes. Psicothema, 36(3), 247–256. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2023.315 DOI: https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2023.315
Matud, M., Díaz, A., Bethencourt, J., & Ibáñez, I. (2020). Stress and psychological distress in emerging adulthood: A gender analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(9), 2859. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092859 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092859
Maulinda, M. A., & Purnamasari, A. (2020). Dukungan keluarga dan resiliensi peserta rehabilitasi narkoba di Kota Palembang. Psychology Journal of Mental Health, 2(2), 53–70. https://doi.org/10.32539/pjmh.v2i2.29 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32539/pjmh.v2i2.29
Moltafet, G., & Sharifi, Z. (2021). The prediction of psychological well-being based on gratitude social support and self-esteem. International Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 15(2), 127–132. https://doi.org/10.30491/ijbs.2021.266815.1455
Morato, A. E. P., Hostalácio, S. F. S., Moura, T. P., Castro, J. P. G. B. de, Peixoto, J. M., & Moura, E. P. (2023). Resilience and spirituality of Medicine students during social isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Revista Brasileira de Educação Médica, 47(4). https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-5271v47.4-2022-0300.ing DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-5271v47.4-2022-0300.ing
Mouatsou, C., & Koutra, K. (2023). Emotion regulation in relation with resilience in emerging adults: The mediating role of self-esteem. Current Psychology, 42(1), 734–747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01427-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01427-x
Mu’azzaroh, A. A., & Cahyanti, I. Y. (2023). Pengaruh Kekerasasn seksual yang difasilitasi teknologi terhadap depresi pada wanita dewasa awal pengguna media sosial. Jurnal Syntax Fusion, 3(08), 858–871. https://doi.org/10.54543/fusion.v3i08.332 DOI: https://doi.org/10.54543/fusion.v3i08.332
Murti, G. W., & Wibowo, P. (2024). Pengaruh harga diri (self-esteem) terhadap resiliensi anak binaan di LPKA Kelas I Kutoarjo. Journal of Management : Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), 17(1), 167–180. Retrieved from https://ejurnal.undana.ac.id/index.php/JEM/article/view/12915
Muvariz, D. H., Fitriani, H. N., Nisrina, I., & Nashori, F. (2020). Forgiveness, self-esteem, and resilience in adult victims of bullying. Al-Balagh: Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi, 5(2), 165–192. https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v5i2.2375 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22515/al-balagh.v5i2.2375
Ozcan, O., Hoelterhoff, M., & Wylie, E. (2021). Faith and spirituality as psychological coping mechanism among female aid workers: A qualitative study. Journal of International Humanitarian Action, 6(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41018-021-00100-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41018-021-00100-z
Patel, U., & Roesch, R. (2022). The prevalence of technology-facilitated sexual violence: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 23(2), 428–443. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020958057 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838020958057
Pertek, S. I. (2022). “God Helped Us”: Resilience, religion and experiences of gender-based violence and trafficking among African forced migrant women. Social Sciences, 11(5), 201. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11050201 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11050201
Pertiwi, E. M., Suminar, D. R., & Ardi, R. (2022). Psychological well-being among Gen Z social media users: Exploring the role of self-esteem and social media dependency as mediators and social media usage motives as moderator. Indigenous: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 7(3), 204–218. https://doi.org/10.23917/indigenous.v7i3.19851 DOI: https://doi.org/10.23917/indigenous.v7i3.19851
Powell, A., & Henry, N. (2019). Technology-facilitated sexual violence victimization: Results from an online survey of Australian adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(17), 3637–3665. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516672055 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516672055
Putri, D. M., Hanathasia, M., Kania, D., & Fortunisa, A. (2022). Peran Psikologi Sosial dalam Kampanye Sosial Literasi Kekerasan Berbasis Gender Online untuk Melindungi Self-Image pada Gen Z di Forum Anak Kota Bekasi (FORAKSI). Indonesian Journal for Social Responsibility, 4(2), 143–160. https://doi.org/10.36782/ijsr.v4i02.147 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36782/ijsr.v4i02.147
Rena, S. (2023). The Relationship between Spirituality and Stress: A Study of Medical Students at Islamic Universities in Jakarta. Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam, 20(2), 181–194. https://doi.org/10.14421/jpai.v20i2.7833 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14421/jpai.v20i2.7833
Rifqi, P. A., Hartiwiningsih, & Fitriono, R. A. (2024). Kerentanan perempuan dalam KBGO: Studi kasus perlindungan hukum bagi korban KBGO oleh kolektif Advokat untuk Keadilan Gender. Mandub : Jurnal Politik, Sosial, Hukum Dan Humaniora, 2(3), 315–324. https://doi.org/10.59059/mandub.v2i3.1421 DOI: https://doi.org/10.59059/mandub.v2i3.1421
Rose, S., & Palattiyil, G. (2020). Surviving or thriving? Enhancing the emotional resilience of social workers in their organisational settings. Journal of Social Work, 20(1), 23–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468017318793614 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1468017318793614
Sadeghifard, Y., Veisani, Y., Mohamadian, F., Azizifar, A., Naghipour, S., & Aibod, S. (2020). Relationship between aggression and individual resilience with the mediating role of spirituality in academic students – a path analysis. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 9(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_324_19 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_324_19
SAFEnet. (2024). Laporan pemantauan hak-hak digital di Indonesia periode: Juli-September 2024. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/lapsituasitriwulanIII2024
Savitri, E. A. L., Kusnadi, S. K., Elisnawati, E., Anggoro, H., Saputra, A., & Lusiani, N. (2023). Self-Esteem dengan Resiliensi pada Perempuan Korban Toxic Relationship. Journal of Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (Gesi), 1(1), 43-51. https://doi.org/10.38156/gesi.v1i1.134 DOI: https://doi.org/10.38156/gesi.v1i1.134
Schwalm, F. D., Zandavalli, R. B., De Castro Filho, E. D., & Lucchetti, G. (2022). Is there a relationship between spirituality/religiosity and resilience? A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Journal of Health Psychology, 27(5), 1218–1232. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105320984537 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105320984537
Sigurdardottir, U. K. (2021). Subjective well-being and resilience among adolescents after exposure to violence: Resilience as a mediator [Reykjavik University]. Retrieved from https://skemman.is/bitstream/1946/39321/1/BScthesis
Singh, M., & Imran, M. (2024). Impact of spirituality on self-esteem and life satisfaction in young adults: A quantitative analysis. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Approaches in Psychology, 2(4), 1419–1435. Retrieved from https://psychopediajournals.com/index.php/ijiap/article/view/291
Sofyani, H. (2023). Penentuan jumlah sampel pada penelitian akuntansi dan bisnis berpendekatan kuantitatif. Reviu Akuntansi dan Bisnis Indonesia, 7(2), 311–319. https://doi.org/10.18196/rabin.v7i2.19031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18196/rabin.v7i2.19031
Su’ada, Z., & Hannah, N. (2023). Pandangan Kongres Ulama Perempuan Indonesia terhadap kekerasan berbasis gender online di media sosial Twitter. Az-Zahra: Journal of Gender and Family Studies, 3(2), 16–32. https://doi.org/10.15575/azzahra.v3i2.20596 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15575/azzahra.v3i2.20596
Sugiyono. (2013). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&D (19th ed.). Alfabeta Bandung.
Sukadana, G. N. (2025). Spiritualitas Sebagai Resiliensi Dalam Krisis Pribadi Dan Sosial. Proceeding National Conference of Christian Education and Theology, 3(2), 76–89. https://doi.org/10.46445/nccet.v3i2.1112 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46445/nccet.v3i2.1112
Tafarodi, R. W., & Swann, W. B. (2001). Two-dimensional self-esteem: Theory and measurement. Personality and Individual Differences, 31(5), 653–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00169-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00169-0
United Nations Population Fund. (2025). 7 things you need to know about online gender-based violence. UNFPA in Asia and the Pacific.
Wahyudi, N. N., Rini, A. P., Rina, A. P., & Pratitis, N. (2023). Psychological well-being korban pelecehan seksual: Menguji peranan resiliensi dan dukungan sosial. INNER: Journal of Psychological Research, 3(2), 312–322. Retrieved from https://aksiologi.org/index.php/inner/article/view/1262
Yubero, S., De Las Heras, M., Navarro, R., & Larrañaga, E. (2023). Relations among chronic bullying victimization, subjective well-being and resilience in university students: A preliminary study. Current Psychology, 42(2), 855–866. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01489-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01489-x
Yudhawati, D. (2020). Penguatan spritualitas dalam komunitas Resimen Mahasiswa. Wacana, 12(1), 50–64. https://doi.org/10.13057/wacana.v12i1.167 DOI: https://doi.org/10.13057/wacana.v12i1.167
Yuliana, T. D., & Khoirunisa, R. N. (2023). Hubungan antara harga diri dengan resiliensi pada mantan pecandu narkoba. JIM: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pendidikan Sejarah, 8(3), 2484–2495. https://doi.org/10.24815/jimps.v8i3.25850
Zaltina, P., & Nurtjahyo, L. I. (2024). Right to be forgotten as a legal protection for the victims of electronic sexual violence cases. The Indonesian Journal of Socio-Legal Studies, 3(2), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.54828/ijsls.2024v3n2.4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.54828/ijsls.2024v3n2.4
Downloads
Submitted
Accepted
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Indigenous: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
