Reconstruction of the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence Development in Islamic Philosophy and Muhammadiyah Thought
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23917/saintek.v2i1.16201Keywords:
artificial intelligence, Islamic ethics, philosophy of al-Islam, Muhammadiyah, science and technology, public welfare, integration of religion and scienceAbstract
This study aims to analyze the perspectives of al-Islam and Muhammadiyah on the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) within the framework of ethics, epistemology, and the concept of blessing (barakah). The research employs a qualitative approach using a library research method, through the analysis of literature on Islamic philosophy, Muhammadiyah thought, and studies on technology ethics and AI. The data were analyzed using content analysis and hermeneutic techniques to identify normative principles relevant to responding to AI development. The findings indicate that Islam views technology as an instrument of the human mandate of khalifah (vicegerency), which must be directed toward public welfare (maslahah), justice, and balance between worldly life and the hereafter. The concept of Islamic ethics including tawhid, adl, moral character (akhlaq), and social responsibility serves as the normative foundation for evaluating and utilizing AI. Knowledge (ilm) is understood as a religious obligation that is not morally neutral; therefore, AI development must be oriented toward truth and benefit. Meanwhile, the concept of blessing (barakah) emphasizes sustainability and the spiritual dimension in the use of technology. From the Muhammadiyah perspective, the integration of religion and science, the strengthening of education, and community empowerment constitute the primary principles in AI development. AI is positioned as a means of civilizational renewal that must be guided by ethical values to prevent injustice or dehumanization. Thus, al-Islam and Muhammadiyah offer an integrative and normative philosophical framework for directing AI development in a responsible, just, and spiritually meaningful manner.
Downloads
References
[1] M. S. Adhantoro, D. Gunawan, H. J. Prayitno, R. F. Riyanti, and A. Jufriansah, “Strategies to Enhance Literacy and Access to Muhammadiyah Information through ChatMu Innovation,” International Journal of Religion, vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 2503–2520, Jun. 2024, doi: 10.61707/7hqaep83.
[2] D. Berardi, F. Callegati, A. Giovine, A. Melis, M. Prandini, and L. Rinieri, “When Operation Technology Meets Information Technology: Challenges and Opportunities,” Future Internet, vol. 15, no. 3, p. 95, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.3390/fi15030095.
[3] N. Pellas, “The role of students’ higher-order thinking skills in the relationship between academic achievements and machine learning using generative AI chatbots,” Res. Pract. Technol. Enhanc. Learn., vol. 20, p. 036, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.58459/rptel.2025.20036.
[4] S. M. Popescu et al., “Artificial intelligence and IoT driven technologies for environmental pollution monitoring and management,” Front. Environ. Sci., vol. 12, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2024.1336088.
[5] M. M. Alruwaili et al., “Exploring nurses’ awareness and attitudes toward artificial intelligence: Implications for nursing practice,” Digit. Health, vol. 10, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.1177/20552076241271803.
[6] H. Dei, “Artificial intelligence in public administration: benefits and risks,” Management (Montevideo), vol. 3, p. 137, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.62486/agma2025137.
[7] A. Rulyansah, R. R. Mardhotillah, R. P. N. Budiarti, M. D. Afandi, and P. L. Aisah, “Pengembangan Profesional Pendidik SD dalam Penggunaan Aplikasi Sekolah Literasi Digital Berbasis Artikulasi Artificial Intelligence,” Indonesia Berdaya, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 109–118, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.47679/ib.2023383.
[8] H.-H. Chen, H. H.-S. Lu, W.-H. Weng, and Y.-H. Lin, “Developing a Machine Learning Algorithm to Predict the Probability of Medical Staff Work Mode Using Human-Smartphone Interaction Patterns: Algorithm Development and Validation Study,” J. Med. Internet Res., vol. 25, p. e48834, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.2196/48834.
[9] M. A. Almaiah, F. Hajjej, A. Ali, M. F. Pasha, and O. Almomani, “A Novel Hybrid Trustworthy Decentralized Authentication and Data Preservation Model for Digital Healthcare IoT Based CPS,” Sensors, vol. 22, no. 4, p. 1448, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.3390/s22041448.
[10] N. V. Babu and E. G. M. Kanaga, “Sentiment Analysis in Social Media Data for Depression Detection Using Artificial Intelligence: A Review,” SN Comput. Sci., vol. 3, no. 1, p. 74, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s42979-021-00958-1.
[11] F. Kamalov, D. Santandreu Calonge, and I. Gurrib, “New Era of Artificial Intelligence in Education: Towards a Sustainable Multifaceted Revolution,” Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 16, p. 12451, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.3390/su151612451.
[12] J. Liu and S. Li, “Toward Artificial Intelligence-Human Paired Programming: A Review of the Educational Applications and Research on Artificial Intelligence Code-Generation Tools,” Journal of Educational Computing Research, vol. 62, no. 5, pp. 1165–1195, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.1177/07356331241240460.
[13] A. Di Vaio, R. Palladino, R. Hassan, and O. Escobar, “Artificial intelligence and business models in the sustainable development goals perspective: A systematic literature review,” J. Bus. Res., vol. 121, pp. 283–314, Dec. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.08.019.
[14] S. Bahri, “Implementasi Pendidikan Karakter dalam Mengatasi Krisis Moral di Sekolah,” Ta’allum: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 57–76, 2015, doi: 10.21274/taalum.2015.3.1.57-76.
[15] Hadi Sucipto, Falih Suaedi, Erna Setijaningrum, Mia Amiati, and Rachmat Suhaimi Nasution, “Transformation of Public Trust in Restorative Justice by the Prosecutor’s Office: An Islamic and Social Law Approach in the Contemporary Era,” MILRev: Metro Islamic Law Review, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 364–387, Dec. 2024, doi: 10.32332/milrev.v3i2.9938.
[16] S. Caprioglio Panizza and M. S. Vaccarezza, “Moral Transformation as Shifting (Im)Possibilities,” J. Ethics, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 195–210, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.1007/s10892-024-09480-x.
[17] R. Bahri, R. Rofiqi, Kusaeri, and E. F. Rusydiyah, “Religious moderation education: a comparative study of Islamic approaches in Indonesia and Malaysia with implications for faith-based education,” International Studies in Catholic Education, pp. 1–23, Jun. 2025, doi: 10.1080/19422539.2025.2519727.
[18] K. Sassi, “Prinsip-prinsip Epistemologi Pendidikan Islam Paradigma Tauhid Naquib al-Attas,” Millah, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 135–172, Aug. 2020, doi: 10.20885/millah.vol20.iss1.art6.
[19] I. Sarhindi, “The role of Islamic higher education in fostering environmental sustainability: comparative case study of UIN Jakarta and UII Yogyakarta, Indonesia,” International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, pp. 1–18, Jan. 2026, doi: 10.1108/IJSHE-03-2025-0157.
[20] N. A. Azman, M. I. Hamzah, and H. Baharudin, “Digital Teaching Strategies of Islamic Education Teachers: A Case Study in Primary Schools,” International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 562–585, Mar. 2025, doi: 10.26803/ijlter.24.3.27.
[21] F. Muhammad, A. M. Abitolkha, and L. Dodi, “Dimensions of Sufism Within The Islamic Religious Education Curriculum in Higher Education,” Nazhruna: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 40–58, Feb. 2024, doi: 10.31538/nzh.v7i1.4525.
[22] M. D. H. Rahiem, Religion, Education, Science and Technology towards a More Inclusive and Sustainable Future. London: Routledge, 2024. doi: 10.1201/9781003322054.
[23] A. Adiyono, Ali Said Al Matari, Lilis Patimah, Syahrani, and Azka Aqiilah Nasywa AS, “Can AI-Optimized YouTube Videos Enhance Islamic Religious Education? A Quantitative Study on Student Learning Outcomes,” Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 175–194, Jun. 2025, doi: 10.14421/jpai.v22i1.11100.
[24] Nuril Aulia Munawaroh, Sudarmiatin, Erry Tri Djatmika, Agus Hermawan, and Miftahul Munir, “Digital Empowerment and E-Commerce Adoption among Handicraft SMEs: A Contemporary Islamic Economic Law Study Using the TOE Framework,” MILRev: Metro Islamic Law Review, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1427–1448, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.32332/milrev.v4i2.11731.
[25] M. R. Rabbani, A. Sarea, S. Khan, and Y. Abdullah, “Ethical Concerns in Artificial Intelligence (AI): The Role of RegTech and Islamic Finance,” 2022, pp. 381–390. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-93464-4_38.
[26] M. Pakzad, M. Dolatian, Y. Jahangiri, M. Nasiri, and F. Alidoust Dargah, “The Correlation between Islamic Lifestyle and Pregnancy-Specific Stress: A Cross-Sectional, Correlational Study,” Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci., vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 1163–1167, Jun. 2018, doi: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.104.
[27] A. Fanani, A. I. Hamzani, N. Khasanah, and A. Sofanudin, “Muhammadiyah’s Manhaj Tarjih: An evolution of a modernist approach to Islamic jurisprudence in Indonesia,” HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, vol. 77, no. 4, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.4102/hts.v77i4.6942.
[28] R. Catto, J. Riley, F. Elsdon-Baker, S. H. Jones, and C. Leicht, “Science, religion, and nonreligion: Engaging subdisciplines to move further beyond mythbusting,” Acta Sociologica, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 96–110, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1177/00016993221116248.
[29] M. Qorib and U. Umiarso, “Socio-cultural transformation within Indonesian academics: cases in Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama universities,” Asian Education and Development Studies, Jul. 2025, doi: 10.1108/AEDS-12-2024-0295.
[30] A. A. Munshi, W. H. AlSabban, A. T. Farag, O. E. Rakha, A. Al Sallab, and M. Alotaibi, “Automated Islamic Jurisprudential Legal Opinions Generation Using Artificial Intelligence,” Pertanika J. Sci. Technol., vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 1135–1156, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.47836/pjst.30.2.16.
[31] A. F. Vatamanu and M. Tofan, “Integrating Artificial Intelligence into Public Administration: Challenges and Vulnerabilities,” Adm. Sci., vol. 15, no. 4, p. 149, Apr. 2025, doi: 10.3390/admsci15040149.
[32] J. J. Xu and T. Babaian, “Artificial intelligence in business curriculum: The pedagogy and learning outcomes,” The International Journal of Management Education, vol. 19, no. 3, p. 100550, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.ijme.2021.100550.
[33] S. Nurhayati, T. Taufikin, L. Judijanto, and S. Musa, “Towards Effective Artificial Intelligence-Driven Learning in Indonesian Child Education: Understanding Parental Readiness, Challenges, and Policy Implications,” Educational Process International Journal, vol. 15, no. 1, 2025, doi: 10.22521/edupij.2025.15.155.
[34] M. Černý, “Umělá inteligence a její spirituálně-teologická reflexe,” Verba Theologica, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 7–26, 2024, doi: 10.54937/vt.2024.23.1.7-26.
[35] B. Skotnicka-Zasadzień and R. Wolniak, Artificial Intelligence in Public Administration. London: Routledge, 2025. doi: 10.4324/9781003535454.
[36] A. Stoyanova and M. Stefanova, “Implementing Artificial Intelligence in Public Administration,” 2025, pp. 153–188. doi: 10.4018/979-8-3693-8372-8.ch006.
[37] M. Ahmad, R. Soemanto, T. Drajat, and W. Edi, “The Role of Muhammadiyah in Sustainable Development Through Community Empowerment Program,” IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., vol. 356, no. 1, p. 012002, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/356/1/012002.
[38] A. Alam, “Possibilities and Apprehensions in the Landscape of Artificial Intelligence in Education,” in 2021 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Applications (ICCICA), IEEE, Nov. 2021, pp. 1–8. doi: 10.1109/ICCICA52458.2021.9697272.
[39] D. de Jongh, E. K. Massey, A. J. Cronin, M. H. N. Schermer, and E. M. Bunnik, “Early-Phase Clinical Trials of Bio-Artificial Organ Technology: A Systematic Review of Ethical Issues,” Transplant International, vol. 35, Oct. 2022, doi: 10.3389/ti.2022.10751.
Downloads
Submitted
Accepted
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Mazwar Ismiyanto, Sofyan Anif, Harun Joko Prayitno, Ahmad Muhibbin, Dian Artha Kusumaningtyas, Trisakti Handayani
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
