Effectiveness of Chemical Castration Sanctions and the Principle of Non-Discrimination: A Human Rights, Islamic Law, and SDGs Perspective in Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23917/profetika.v26i03.13627Keywords:
child sexual crimes, digital legal sanctions, online child protectionAbstract
The development of digital technology has created new spaces for sexual crimes against children, requiring appropriate and effective legal responses. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of cyber legal sanctions in combating child sexual crimes following the enactment of Law No. 12/2022 on Sexual Violence Crimes and ITE Law No. 1/2024. The research method used is normative juridical with statutory and case analysis approaches. Primary data was obtained through documentary studies of legislation, while secondary data includes court decisions, legal journals, and law enforcement reports. The research results indicate that although both laws have strengthened the legal framework for child protection in digital spaces, implementation challenges remain, particularly regarding inter-agency coordination among law enforcement institutions, digital evidence, and consistent sanctions enforcement. The synergy between the Sexual Violence Crimes Law and the ITE Law provides a more comprehensive foundation for handling child sexual crimes in cyberspace, however improvements are needed in technical aspects of law enforcement and capacity building for law enforcement officials. This research is expected to contribute to the development of more effective criminal law policies in protecting children from sexual crimes in the digital era.
References
[1] Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak, Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2016 Nomor 99.
[2] Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, Pasal 28G dan 28I; Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia; serta International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) Tahun 1966.
[3] Komnas Perempuan, Catatan Tahunan Kekerasan terhadap Perempuan 2023 (Jakarta: Komnas Perempuan, 2023)
[4] Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak, Laporan Tahunan SIMFONI-PPA Tahun 2023, Jakarta.
[5] Andi Hamzah, Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana (Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2019).
[6] Muladi dan Barda Nawawi Arief, Teori-Teori dan Kebijakan Pidana (Bandung: Alumni, 2010).
[7] Barda Nawawi Arief, Kebijakan Legislatif dalam Penanggulangan Kejahatan (Jakarta: Kencana, 2018).
[8] Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, Pasal 28I ayat (2).
[9] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Article 7.
[10] Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Mojokerto Nomor 69/Pid.Sus/2019/PN.Mjk mengenai penerapan sanksi kebiri kimia.
[11] laporan Komnas HAM, Pandangan HAM terhadap Kebijakan Kebiri Kimia di Indonesia (Jakarta, 2022).
[12] Tempo.co, “Eksekusi Kebiri Kimia Tersendat karena Tak Ada Dokter yang Mau,” diakses 20 Oktober 2025.
[13] Pernyataan Resmi Ikatan Dokter Indonesia (IDI), “Sikap Etik IDI terhadap Kebiri Kimia,” 2020.
[14] Immanuel Kant, The Metaphysics of Morals (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
[15] Barda Nawawi Arief, Masalah Penegakan Hukum dan Kebijakan Hukum Pidana (Jakarta: Kencana, 2019).
[16] Muladi, Humanisasi dan Reformasi Hukum Pidana (Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro Press, 2010).
[17] Gustav Radbruch, Gesetzliches Unrecht und Übergesetzliches Recht (1946).
[18] Rancangan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (RKUHP) Tahun 2023, Pasal 5 ayat (1).
[19] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 70 Tahun 2020 tentang Tata Cara Pelaksanaan Tindakan Kebiri Kimia.
[20] Putusan PN Mojokerto Nomor 69/Pid.Sus/2019/PN.Mjk dan PN Makassar Nomor 244/Pid.Sus/2020/PN.Mks.
[21] ICCPR, Article 7.
[22] Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 20: Article 7 (Prohibition of Torture), 1992.
[23] UUD NRI Tahun 1945, Pasal 28G ayat (2) dan Pasal 28I ayat (1).
[24] Komnas HAM RI, Analisis HAM atas Penerapan Kebiri Kimia di Indonesia (Jakarta, 2022).
[25] Gustav Radbruch, Philosophy of Law (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1950).
[26] Douglas Husak, Overcriminalization: The Limits of the Criminal Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).
[27] Satjipto Rahardjo, "Ilmu Hukum", (Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti, 2014).
[28] Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2016 tentang Penetapan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak Menjadi Undang-Undang, Pasal 81 ayat (7) dan Pasal 82 ayat (3).
[29] Muladi dan Barda Nawawi Arief, Teori-Teori dan Kebijakan Pidana, (Bandung: Alumni, 2010).
[30] .E. Sahetapy, Suatu Studi Khusus Mengenai Ancaman Pidana Mati Terhadap Pembunuhan Berencana, (Jakarta: Rajawali, 1982).
[31] Herbert L. Packer, The Limits of the Criminal Sanction, (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1968).
[32] Fred S. Berlin, "Chemical Castration for Sex Offenders," The New England Journal of Medicine 336, No. 14 (1997).
[33] R. Karl Hanson dan Monique T. Bussière, "Predicting Relapse: A Meta-Analysis of Sexual Offender Recidivism Studies," Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66, No. 2 (1998).
[34] Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2016, Pasal 81 ayat (8).
[35] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 70 Tahun 2020 tentang Tata Cara Pelaksanaan Tindakan Kebiri Kimia, Pemasangan Alat Pendeteksi Elektronik, Rehabilitasi, dan Pengumuman Identitas Pelaku Kekerasan Seksual Terhadap Anak.
[36] Michael L. Perlin, "Pretending to Be Free: Chemical Castration and the Right to Refuse Treatment," International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 20, No. 1 (1997).
[37] Ikatan Dokter Indonesia, "Pernyataan Sikap IDI tentang Kebiri Kimia," Jakarta, 18 Mei 2016.
[38] Diana E.H. Russell, The Politics of Rape: The Victim's Perspective, (New York: Stein and Day, 1975).
[39] Nicholas Groth, Men Who Rape: The Psychology of the Offender, (New York: Plenum Press, 1979).
[40] Joo Yong Lee, Kang Su Cho, "Chemical Castration for Sex Offenders: Physicians' Views," Journal of Korean Medical Science 26, No. 2 (2011), doi: 10.3346/jkms.2013.28.2.171.
[41] Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 70 Tahun 2020, Pasal 23 ayat (3).
[42] Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2016, Pasal 81 ayat (7).
[43] Andi Hamzah, Sistem Pidana dan Pemidanaan Indonesia, (Jakarta: Pradnya Paramita, 1993).
[44] Joon Hyun Lee, "Chemical Castration: An Analysis of Korea's Response to Sexual Violence," Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law 14, No. 2 (2013). https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2616429 .
[45] Ira Mark Ellman dan Tara Ellman, "Frightening and High: The Supreme Court's Crucial Mistake About Sex Crime Statistics," Constitutional Commentary 30 (2015).
[46] William L. Marshall dan Liam E. Marshall, "The Utility of Chemical Castration: A Review," Journal of Sexual Aggression 21, No. 2 (2015).
[47] Roeslan Saleh, Stelsel Pidana Indonesia, (Jakarta: Aksara Baru, 1987).
[48] Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia, Putusan Nomor 2-3/PUU-V/2007 tentang Pengujian Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 1997 tentang Narkotika.
[49] Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, Pasal 28I ayat (2).
[50] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Pasal 2 ayat (1), diratifikasi melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2005.
[51] Fred S. Berlin, "Chemical Castration for Sex Offenders," The New England Journal of Medicine 336, No. 14 (1997).
[52] Franca Cortoni dan R. Karl Hanson, A Review of the Recidivism Rates of Adult Female Sexual Offenders, (Ottawa: Correctional Service of Canada, 2005).
[53] Eddy O.S. Hiariej, Prinsip-Prinsip Hukum Pidana, (Yogyakarta: Cahaya Atma Pustaka, 2016).
[54] Moeljatno, Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana, (Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2008).
[55] Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), Pasal 1, diratifikasi melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1984.
[56] Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia, Putusan Nomor 22/PUU-XV/2017 tentang Pengujian Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2006 tentang Administrasi Kependudukan, 17 Januari 2018.
[57] Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia, Putusan Nomor 2-3/PUU-V/2007 tentang Pengujian Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 1997 tentang Narkotika, 30 Oktober 2007.
[58] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Pasal 7.
[59] Amnesty International, "Abusive Punishments: Indonesia's Use of Chemical Castration," 2016.
[60] Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia, Pasal 1 ayat (3).
[61] Sandra Fredman, Discrimination Law, 2nd ed., (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011).
[62] Komisi Nasional Hak Asasi Manusia RI, "Pernyataan Pers Komnas HAM RI Terkait Perppu Nomor 1 Tahun 2016 tentang Perubahan Kedua UU Perlindungan Anak," 25 Mei 2016.
[63] Manfred Nowak, U.N. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: CCPR Commentary, 2nd ed., (Kehl: N.P. Engel Publisher, 2005).
[64] John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, Revised Edition, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999).
[65] Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977).
[66] Putri Nur Wisudawati, analisis sanksi tindak pidana (jarimah) dalam hukum di Indonesia, Tashdiq Jurnal Kajian Agama dan Dakwah Vol 1 No 1 Tahun 2023. https://doi.org/10.4236/tashdiq.v1i1.1297
[67] Ahmad Syarbaini, Konsep ta’zir menurut perspektif hukum pidana Islam, Jurnal Tahqiqa, Vol. 17, No. 2, Tahun 2023. https://doi.org/10.61393/tahqiqa.v17i2.167.
[68] Karim Thaib, Tinjauan Hukum Pidana Islam Terhadap Hukuman Kebiri dalam Undang Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2016 Tentang Pelindungan Anak, Journal of Islamic Criminal Law and Criminal Law Volume 01 Nomor 01, Juni Tahun: 2024
[69] Lukman Arake, Hukuman Kebiri Kimia Bagi Pelaku Kekerasan Seksual Terhadap Anak Perspektif Fiqh Siyasah, Jurnal Al-Adalah : Jurnal Hukum dan Politik Islam, Vol. 5 No. 1, Januari 2020 : 20-51 https://doi.org/10.35673/ajmpi.v5i1.676.
[70] Syufa’at, implementasi maqāṣidal-sharī'ah dalam hukum ekonomi Islam, Volume 23, Nomor 2, Oktober 2013. https://doi.org/10.21580/ahkam.2013.23.2.20 .
Submitted
Accepted
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Adystia Sunggara
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
