Demographic Transition and Economic Development: Theoretical and Empirical Analysis in Western and Islamic Perspectives
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23917/jep.v27i1.9899Keywords:
demographic transition, economic developmentAbstract
This study examines demographic transition and its implications for economic development from Western and Islamic perspectives through a comparative theoretical and empirical approach. The study is motivated by the limited integration between conventional demographic theories and Islamic economic perspectives in explaining demographic change and economic development. This research employs a qualitative approach using comparative content analysis and narrative literature review methods. Data were collected through library research from academic books, journal articles, institutional reports, and relevant official publications. The analysis was conducted using thematic coding and descriptive-comparative analysis. The findings show that Western perspectives emphasize modernization, industrialization, labor productivity, and institutional efficiency, while Islamic perspectives emphasize justice, social welfare, maqasid al-shariah, and ethical responsibility. Empirical evidence from Western countries, developing countries, and Muslim-majority countries indicates that demographic transition can promote economic growth through the expansion of the productive-age population, educational investment, and human capital development. However, the benefits of demographic dividends largely depend on institutional quality, labor-market absorption, equitable welfare distribution, and inclusive development policies. The originality of this study lies in its integrative comparative framework that combines structural-economic and ethical-humanistic approaches to provide a more comprehensive understanding of demographic transition and sustainable economic development.
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