Adopting Mindfulness During Worship Scale as the Khusyu’ Measurement for Indonesian Muslims
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23917/indigenous.v10i2.11345Keywords:
mindfulness, salah prayer, khusyu’, prayer measurement, khusyu’ scaleAbstract
Khusyu’, as the core of devotion and even religion, has not been given enough attention in behavior measurement research. This study aims to adapt the Mindfulness during Worship Scale (MWS) to measure khusyu'. By formulating measurable dimensions and objective indicators, this research will make the quality of khusyu' easier to measure. It can provide the foundation for future research on what factors contribute to and hinder the attainment of khusyu' in prayer. A pilot study was conducted with 220 respondents from four age groups (15 - 20, 21 - 25, 26 - 30, and over 30). Three levels of analysis were conducted: item, construct, and theory level. The results indicate that the MWS-adapted items are valid when applied to all respondents, but not to 15-20 and 21-25. The reliability analysis showed an acceptable value (0.715) for the whole sample. However, variations were observed between the different age groups. However, the results of the CFA indicated an invalid model. Factor analysis also showed that adapted MWS items clustered into four distinct factors. In theory, the MWS can be applied to the cognitive domain and, to some extent, the emotional aspect, but it does not adequately capture the psychomotor dimension of khusyu'. Further research is needed to develop a theoretically robust and statistically valid measurement framework that includes cognition, emotion, and psychomotor dimensions and applies to all ages.
References
Akcay, B., Gelen, B., Tiryaki, A., & Benek, I. (2018). An analysis of scale adaptation studies in science education: Meta-synthesis study. Journal of Education in Science Environment and Health, 227–245. https://doi.org/10.21891/jeseh.439150
Aldahadha, B. (2023). Developing a Jordanian measure of reverence in muslim praying (‘Khushoo’): Content validity, Factor structure and reliability. Journal of Religion and Health, 62(5), 3664–3686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-023-01801-y
Al-Hambali, A. I. R. (2009). Adz-dzullu wa al-ingkisar li al-’aziz al-jabbar aw al-khusyu fi as-shalah. Dar Ar-Risalah.
Al-Munajjid, M. S. (2004). 33 ways of developing al-khushoo: Humility and devotion in prayer. International Islamic Publishing House.
Al-Qahthani, S., & Ali Bin, W. (2009). Al-Khusyu Fi As-Shalah Fi Dhaui Al-kitab Wa As-Sunah. Mu’assasah Al Jarisi.
Al-Razi, M. F., & Azhar, M. (2024). Trends in local and global studies on mindfulness during Islamic prayer (khusyu'): Where and how it should be linked. SHS Web of Conferences, 204, 01008. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202420401008
Al-Razi, M. F., & Madjid, A. (2025). Teaching the divine in early islamic education: Narrative approaches and pedagogical strategies among muslim preschool teachers. Penamas, 38(1), 379–392. https://doi.org/10.31330/penamas.v38i1.787
Al-Razi, M. F., & Mukti, S. (2025). Mindfulness in salah prayer: Understanding khusyu' from a psychological term approach. Proceeding International Conference on Religion, Science and Education, 4, 1139–1148. https://sunankalijaga.org/prosiding/index.php/icrse/article/view/1551
Al-Razi, M. F., & Nashori, F. (2025). Enhancing quality of muslim worship practice: the role of religiosity and spirituality to mindfulness during prayer (Khusyu'). Psikis : Jurnal Psikologi Islami, 11(1), 83–95. https://doi.org/10.19109/psikis.v11i1.27626
At-Thahtawi, M. M. Q. (2003). Al-khusyu fi as-shalah li Al-Hafidz Ibn Rajab Al-Hambali. Darul Fadhilah.
Bailly, N., & Roussiau, N. (2010). The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES): Validation of the Short Form in an Elderly French Population. Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue Canadienne Du Vieillissement, 29(2), 223–231. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0714980810000152
Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Report Measures. Spine, 25(24). https://journals.lww.com/spinejournal/fulltext/2000/12150/guidelines_for_the_process_of_cross_cultural.14.aspx
Bjorklund, D. F. (2022). Children’s thinking: Cognitive development and individual differences (7th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Boateng, G. O., Neilands, T. B., Frongillo, E. A., Melgar-Quiñonez, H. R., & Young, S. L. (2018). Best Practices for Developing and Validating Scales for Health, Social, and Behavioral Research: A Primer. Frontiers in Public Health, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2011). Mindful Attention Awareness Scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/t04259-000
Budiastuti, D., & Bandur, A. (2018). Validitas dan reliabilitas penelitian dilengkapi analisis dengan NVIVO, SPSS, dan AMOS. Mitra Wacana Media.
Callender, K. A., Ong, L. Z., & Othman, E. H. (2022). Prayers and Mindfulness in Relation to Mental Health among First-Generation Immigrant and Refugee Muslim Women in the USA: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Religion and Health, 61(5), 3637–3654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01600-x
Chen, Z. J., Tekke, M., Mastor, K. A., & Kayadibi, S. (2021). Muslim Verbal and Active Prayer (MVAP): Measurement and Psychological Functioning of Supplications in Islam. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 31(4), 249–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2020.1858254
Daniel, C., Hülsheger, U. R., Kudesia, R. S., Sankaran, S., & Wang, L. (2023). Mindfulness in projects. Project Leadership and Society, 4, 100086. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plas.2023.100086
Hapsari, R. (2025). Mindfulness for the Mental Health of Working Women: How Effective Is It and What Are the Challenges? Indigenous: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 10(1), 96–110. https://doi.org/10.23917/indigenous.v10i1.11733
Hoque, M. E. (2016). Three Domains of Learning: Cognitive, Affective and Psychomotor. The Journal of EFL Education and Research (JEFLER), 2(2), 45–52. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330811334_Three_Domains_of_Learning_Cognitive_Affective_and_Psychomotor
Huber, S., & Huber, O. W. (2012). The Centrality of Religiosity Scale (CRS). Religions, 3(3), 710–724. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel3030710
Ijaz, S., Khalily, M. T., & Ahmad, I. (2017). Mindfulness in Salah Prayer and its Association with Mental Health. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(6), 2297–2307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0413-1
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144–156. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg016
Laird, S. P., Snyder, C. R., Rapoff, M. A., & Green, S. (2004). Measuring private prayer: Development, validation, and clinical application of the multidimensional prayer inventory. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 14(4), 251–272. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr1404_2
Lambert, L. S., & Newman, D. A. (2023). Construct Development and Validation in Three Practical Steps: Recommendations for Reviewers, Editors, and Authors. Organizational Research Methods, 26(4), 574–607. https://doi.org/10.1177/10944281221115374
Latuapo, A. (2021). Significance of the relationship between khusyu' praying, ihsan and mindfulness in restoring mental health when facing the Covid-19 Pandemic. Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, 32(3), 31798–31821. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Zaizul-Rahman/publication/357578576
Lazar, A. (2014). The structure and validity of the Multidimensional Prayer Inventory among Israeli Jewish pray-ers. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 6(3), 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035178
Lee, J.-H., Moon, Y.-K., Lee, K.-S., & Beehr, T. A. (2024). The negative effect of solving the ‘white bear’ problem with mindfulness: Expansion and reconfirmation of mindfulness profiles based on ironic process theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2023.112447
Meyer, J. P. (2014). Applied Measurement with JMetrik. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203115190
Mourão, L., Tavares, S. M., & Sandall, H. (2022). Professional development short scale: Measurement invariance, stability, and validity in Brazil and Angola. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.841768
Mubarok, A. S., & Agustina, M. W. (2024). Religiosity as a Mediator of Social Support for the Employee Engagement of Female Lecturers in Long-Distance Marriages. Indigenous: Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi, 9(3), 234–244. https://doi.org/10.23917/indigenous.v9i3.4710
Murphy, R. J. L. (1978). A New Approach to the Study of the Development of Religious Thinking in Children. Educational Studies, 4(1), 19–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305569780040103
Orcan, F. (2018). Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis: Which One to Use First? Eğitimde ve Psikolojide Ölçme ve Değerlendirme Dergisi, 9(4), 414–421. https://doi.org/10.21031/epod.394323
Parrott, J. (2024). How to be a mindful Muslim: An exercise in Islamic meditation. Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research. Retrieved from https://yaqeeninstitute.org/read/paper/how-to-be-a-mindful-muslim-an-exercise-in-islamic-meditation
Romadhon, Y. A. (2019). Konstruk Khusyuk Sholat dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Kesehatan pada Orang Indonesia. The 9th University Research Colloqium (Flurecol). Retrieved From https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333004890
Rothman, A., & Coyle, A. (2018). Toward a Framework for Islamic Psychology and Psychotherapy: An Islamic Model of the Soul. Journal of Religion and Health, 57(5), 1731–1744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-018-0651-x
Schunk, D. H., & Zimmerman, B. J. (2022). Self-regulation of Learning and Performance. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203763353
Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., & Freedman, B. (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(3), 373–386. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20237
Shihab, M. Q. (2021). Tafsir Al-Mishbah. PT. Lentera Hati.
Siegel, R. D., Germer, C. K., & Olendzki, A. (2009). Mindfulness: What Is It? Where Did It Come From? In Clinical Handbook of Mindfulness (pp. 17–35). Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09593-6_2
Taber, K. S. (2018). The Use of Cronbach’s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education. Research in Science Education, 48(6), 1273–1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2
Thomas, J., Furber, S. W., & Grey, I. (2017). The rise of mindfulness and its resonance with the Islamic tradition. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 20(10), 973–985. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2017.1412410
Yousaf, O., Love, S., Hampson, P., Hedderly, J., & Rogers, M. (2022). Conceptualising and measuring mindfulness during worship and prayer: Scale development and initial validation of the Mindfulness during Worship Scale (MWS). Personality and Individual Differences, 196, 111683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111683
Zarzycka, B., Krok, D., Tomaka, K., & Rybarski, R. (2022). Multidimensional Prayer Inventory: Psychometric Properties and Clinical Applications. Religions, 13(1), 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13010079
Downloads
Submitted
Accepted
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Fakhruddin Al-Razi, Imam Amrusi Jailani, Triyanti Nurkhikmah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
