Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction Parameters and Antibacterial Activity of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium D.C against Cutibacterium acnes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23917/pharmacon.v22i2.5932Keywords:
Antibacterial, Andaliman Fruit, MIC, MBC, Propionibacterium acnesAbstract
Acne is a disease that has affected many populations globally. One of the causes of acne is the presence of acne-causing bacteria, namely Cutibacterium acnes, which is reportedly resistant to several antibiotics. Andaliman fruit (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) is traditionally used by Indonesian people as a spice which has antibacterial potential. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract of Andaliman fruit against C. acnes using the microdilution method. The extraction method for andaliman fruit was the Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction with variations in frequency (30, 40, and 50 kHz) and duration (10, 15, and 20 minutes). Phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, and saponins in the extract. The results showed the antibacterial activity of Andaliman fruit extract against C. acnes, with the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) observed in the extract with a frequency of 40 kHz and an extraction duration of 10 and 15 minutes at a concentration of 5000 ppm. However, the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) test showed negative results, indicating that Andaliman extract did not have a bactericidal effect on these bacteria. Statistical analysis using the Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn tests revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) between extraction treatments and the positive control in MIC and MBC values. These findings indicate that the ethanolic extract of andaliman fruit possesses inhibitory but not bactericidal activity against C. acnes, suggesting its potential as a natural anti-acne agent for further formulation and mechanistic studies.
Downloads
References
Anggraeni, R. (2020). Uji Karakteristik Simplisia Buah Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.). JIFI (Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi Imelda), 3(2), 32–38. https://doi.org/10.52943/jifarmasi.v3i2.210
Baharuddin, M. (2019). Skrining Fitokimia Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Dari Ekstrak Etanol Buah Delima (Punica granatum L.) Dengan Metode Uji Warna. Media Farmasi, 13(2), 36. https://doi.org/10.32382/mf.v13i2.880
Balouiri, M., Sadiki, M., & Ibnsouda, S. K. (2016). Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 6(2), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2015.11.005
Bhandary, S. K., N., S. K., Bhat, V. S., P., S. K., & Bekal, M. P. (2012). Preliminary Phytochemical Screening Of Various Extracts Of Punica Granatum Peel, Whole Fruit And Seeds. Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU, 02(04), 34–38. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1703609
Bhernama, B. G. (2021). Skrining Fitokimia Ekstrak Etanol Rumput Laut Gracilaria Sp. Asal Desa Neusu Kabupaten Aceh Besar. AMINA, 2(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.22373/amina.v2i1.418
Byrne, M. K., Miellet, S., McGlinn, A., Fish, J., Meedya, S., Reynolds, N., & Van Oijen, A. M. (2019). The drivers of antibiotic use and misuse: The development and investigation of a theory driven community measure. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1425. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7796-8
Dadi, D. W., Emire, S. A., Hagos, A. D., & Eun, J. B. (2019). Effect of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Moringa stenopetala Leaves on Bioactive Compounds and Their Antioxidant Activity. Food Technology and Biotechnology, 57(1), 77–86. https://doi.org/10.17113/ftb.57.01.19.5877
Daud, N. S., Akbar, A. J., Nurhikma, E., & Karmilah, K. (2018). Formulation of Snail Slime (Achatina Fulica) Anti-Acne Emulgel using Tween 80-Span 80 as Emulsifying and HPMC as Gelling Agent. Borneo Journal of Pharmacy, 1(2), 64–67. https://doi.org/10.33084/bjop.v1i2.369
Ergina, E., Nuryanti, S., & Pursitasari, I. D. (2014). Uji Kualitatif Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder pada Daun Palado (Agave Angustifolia) yang Diekstraksi dengan Pelarut Air dan Etanol. 3(3).
Fitrianingsih, F., Soyata, A., & Wigati, S. (2019). The Antibacterial Activities of Durian Rinds Extract (Durio Zibethinus) Against Propionibacterium acne. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 391(1), 012013. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/391/1/012013
Ghasemzadeh, A., Jaafar, H. Z. E., Rahmat, A., & Devarajan, T. (2014). Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds, Pharmaceutical Quality, and Anticancer Activity of Curry Leaf ( Murraya koenigii L.). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014(1), 873803. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/873803
Gyawali, R., & Ibrahim, S. A. (2014). Natural products as antimicrobial agents. Food Control, 46, 412–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.05.047
Hasanah, R. U., Yuziani, & Sri Rahayu, M. (2023). Uji Efektivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sukun (Artocarpus Altilis) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Staphylococcus Aureus. Jurnal Ilmiah Manusia Dan Kesehatan, 6(1), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.31850/makes.v6i1.1659
Hikmah, F., & Hasanah, N. (2023). Uji Hambat Aktivitas Bakteri Propionibacterium Acnes Terhadap Ekstrak Etanol Rimpang Lengkuas Merah (Alpinia purpurata (K.) Schum). E-Jurnal Medika Udayana, 12(1), 74. https://doi.org/10.24843/MU.2023.V12.i01.P13
Husain, A., Alouffi, S., Khanam, A., Akasha, R., Farooqui, A., & Ahmad, S. (2022). Therapeutic Efficacy of Natural Product ‘C-Phycocyanin’ in Alleviating Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes via the Inhibition of Glycation Reaction in Rats. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(22), 14235. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232214235
Husni, N. (2023). Andaliman development as a regional superior product in Toba district North Sumatra Province based on regional innovation system. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1183(1), 012098. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1183/1/012098
Ivasenko, S., Orazbayeva, P., Skalicka–Wozniak, K., Ludwiczuk, A., Marchenko, A., Ishmuratova, M., Poleszak, E., Korona-Glowniak, I., Akhmetova, S., Karilkhan, I., & Loseva, I. (2021). Antimicrobial Activity of Ultrasonic Extracts of Two Chemotypes of Thymus serpyllum L. of Central Kazakhstan and their Polyphenolic Profiles. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(A), 61–67. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.5520
Koopmann, A.-K., Schuster, C., Torres-Rodríguez, J., Kain, S., Pertl-Obermeyer, H., Petutschnigg, A., & Hüsing, N. (2020). Tannin-Based Hybrid Materials and Their Applications: A Review. Molecules, 25(21), 4910. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25214910
Kopon, A. M., Baunsele, A. B., & Boelan, E. G. (2020). Skrining Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Ekstrak Metanol Biji Alpukat (Persea Americana Mill.) Asal Pulau Timor. Akta Kimia Indonesia, 5(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.12962/j25493736.v5i1.6709
Kristina, C. V. M., Yusasrini, N. L. A., & Yusa, N. M. (2022). Pengaruh Waktu Ekstraksi Dengan Menggunakan Metode Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE) Terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Duwet (Syzygium cumini). Jurnal Ilmu Dan Teknologi Pangan (ITEPA), 11(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.24843/itepa.2022.v11.i01.p02
Kumar, K., Srivastav, S., & Sharanagat, V. S. (2021). Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from fruit and vegetable processing by-products: A review. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 70, 105325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105325
Lestari, N. M. M., Yusa, N. M., & Nocianitri, K. A. (2020). Pengaruh Lama Ekstraksi Menggunakan Ultrasonik Terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Daun Tempuyung (Sonchus arvensis L.). Jurnal Ilmu Dan Teknologi Pangan (ITEPA), 9(3), 321. https://doi.org/10.24843/itepa.2020.v09.i03.p08
Loghmanifar, S., Roozbeh Nasiraie, L., Nouri, H., & Jafarian, S. (2022). Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Garlic Extraction using Response Surface Methodology. Scientia Iranica, 0(0), 0–0. https://doi.org/10.24200/sci.2022.58130.5581
Malau, A. G., Widyasanti, A., & Putri, S. H. (2021). Optimization of Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction Process on Antioxidant Activity of Honje Fruit Extract (Etlingera elatior) Using Surface Response Method. Jurnal Kimia Valensi, 7(2), 118–128. https://doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v7i2.21396
Meilina, N. E., & Hasanah, A. N. (2018). Review Artikel : Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Kulit Buah Manggis (Garnicia Mangostana L.) Terhadap Bakteri Penyebab Jerawat. 16. https://doi.org/10.24198/jf.v16i2.17550.g8767
Muzykiewicz-Szymańska, A., Kucharska, E., Pełech, R., Nowak, A., Jakubczyk, K., & Kucharski, Ł. (2024). The Optimisation of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction for the Polyphenols Content and Antioxidant Activity on Sanguisorba officinalis L. Aerial Parts Using Response Surface Methodology. Applied Sciences, 14(20), 9579. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209579
Novelni, R., Yupelmi, M., Agustina, D., Putri, N. R., & Minerva, P. (2023). Antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of senduduk leaves (Melastoma malabathricum L.) against staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1228(1), 012041. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1228/1/012041
Oktavia, F. D., & Sutoyo, S. (2021). Skrining Fitokimia, Kandungan Flavonoid Total, Dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Tumbuhan Selaginella doederleinii. Jurnal Kimia Riset, 6(2), 141. https://doi.org/10.20473/jkr.v6i2.30904
Pringgenies, D., Yudiati, E., Tri Nuraini, R. A., Susilo, E. S., & Rahayuningsih, E. (2018). Optimal concentration of mangrove (Rhizophora mucronata) leaf and propagule based natural dye. Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 14(1–2), 168–173. https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v14n1-2.1011
Putri, Y. A., Muharini, R., Lestari, I., Masriani, M., Rudiyansyah, R., & Ola, A. R. B. (2024). Profil Kandungan Kimia, Fenolik Total, dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Tumbuhan Litsea firma (Blume) Hook F. ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia, 20(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.20.1.74158.38-48
Rienoviar, -, Heliawati, L., & Khoiriyah, A. (2019). Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Identifikasi Senyawa Aktif dalam Ekstrak Buah Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.). Warta Industri Hasil Pertanian, 36(2), 124. https://doi.org/10.32765/wartaihp.v36i2.5668
Rienoviar, R., & Setyaningsih, D. (2018). Studi Senyawa Aroma Ekstrak Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) dari Beberapa Pelarut Menggunakan Gas Chromatography—Mass Spectra (GC-MS). Warta Industri Hasil Pertanian, 35(2), 85. https://doi.org/10.32765/wartaihp.v35i2.4292
Rosmania, R., & Yanti, F. (2020). Perhitungan jumlah bakteri di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi menggunakan pengembangan metode Spektrofotometri. Jurnal Penelitian Sains, 22(2), 76. https://doi.org/10.56064/jps.v22i2.564
Rozi, F., Irma, & Maulidiya, D. (2022). Analisis Perubahan Inflasi Beberapa Kota Besar di Indonesia Dengan Menggunakan Uji Kruskal-Wallis. 1(2).
Samara, S., Salshabira, S., Sukmayanti, Z., & Nisa, H. (2023). FAKTOR RISIKO ACNE VULGARIS PADA REMAJA PELAJAR SEKOLAH MENENGAH PERTAMA. Medika Kartika Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan, Volume 6 No 3, 218–229. https://doi.org/10.35990/mk.v6n3.p218-229
Sandy, M., Wardani, T. S., & Septiarini, A. D. (2021). Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak, Fraksi N-Heksan, Fraksi Etil Asetat, Fraksi Air Daun Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.) Urb) TERHADAP Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Media Farmasi Indonesia, 16(2), 1683–1692. https://doi.org/10.53359/mfi.v16i2.184
Sari, N. P. D. P., Cahyo, B. D., Sugijanto, N. E. N., & Suciati, S. (2021). Aktivitas Antibakteri dari Jamur Endofit Penicillium oxalicum Hasil Isolasi dari Spons Homaxinella tanitai. JURNAL FARMASI DAN ILMU KEFARMASIAN INDONESIA, 8(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.20473/jfiki.v8i12021.10-15
Sepriani, O., Nirhamidah, N., & Handayani, D. (2019). Potensi Ekstrak Tumbuhan Andaliman (Zanthoxylum Acanthopodium Dc.) Sebagai Antibakteri Staphylococcus Aureus. Alotrop, 2(2), 133–139. https://doi.org/10.33369/atp.v4i2.13864
Shen, L., Pang, S., Zhong, M., Sun, Y., Qayum, A., Liu, Y., Rashid, A., Xu, B., Liang, Q., Ma, H., & Ren, X. (2023). A comprehensive review of ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) for bioactive components: Principles, advantages, equipment, and combined technologies. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 101, 106646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106646
Sitanggang, F. M. C., Duniaji, A. S., & Pratiwi, I. D. P. K. (2019). Daya Hambat Ekstrak Buah Andaliman (Zanthoxylum Acanthopodium Dc) Dalam Etil Asetat Terhadap Pertumbuhan Escherichia Coli. Jurnal Ilmu Dan Teknologi Pangan (ITEPA), 8(3), 257. https://doi.org/10.24843/itepa.2019.v08.i03.p04
Situmorang, V. C., Rahmi, E. P., Pradana, D. L. C., Septama, & Muti, A. F. (2024). Synergistic Effect Antibacterial Activity of The Combination of Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) Fruit Essential Oil and Erythromycin against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus pyogenes. Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) (e-Journal), 10(2). https://doi.org/10.22487/j24428744.2024.v10.i2.16977
Tan, J. K. L., & Bhate, K. (2015). A global perspective on the epidemiology of acne. British Journal of Dermatology, 172, 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.13462
Utomo, S. B., Fujiyanti, M., Lestari, W. P., & Mulyani, S. (2018). Antibacterial Activity Test of the C-4-methoxyphenylcalix[4]resorcinarene Compound Modified by Hexadecyltrimethylammonium-Bromide against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Bacteria. JKPK (Jurnal Kimia Dan Pendidikan Kimia), 3(3), 201. https://doi.org/10.20961/jkpk.v3i3.22742
Wendersteyt, N. V., Wewengkang, D. S., & Abdullah, S. S. (2021). Uji Aktivitas Antimikroba Dari Ekstrak Dan Fraksi Ascidian Herdmania Momus Dari Perairan Pulau Bangka Likupang Terhadap Pertumbuhan Mikroba Staphylococcus Aureus, Salmonella Typhimurium Dan Candida Albicans. PHARMACON, 10(1), 706. https://doi.org/10.35799/pha.10.2021.32758
