Toxicological Literature Review of Organophosphate Pesticides Regarding Environmental and Human Health in Lampung
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23917/jk.v19i2.17418Keywords:
Biomonitoring, cholinesterase, environmental health, Lampung, organophosphate pesticidesAbstract
Pendahuluan: Penggunaan pestisida organofosfat (OP) di sektor pertanian menimbulkan ancaman serius bagi kesehatan lingkungan dan manusia. Artikel tinjauan pustaka ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji efek toksikologis dari paparan OP, mengevaluasi efektivitas metode pengendalian yang telah diterapkan, mengidentifikasi kesenjangan penelitian, serta menilai relevansinya dengan kondisi pengelolaan pertanian di Provinsi Lampung. Metode: Tinjauan ini dilakukan melalui kajian pustaka terhadap 15 artikel ilmiah yang diterbitkan antara tahun 2021 dan 2026, yang diperoleh dari sumber-sumber ilmiah yang relevan. Hasil: Temuan menunjukkan bahwa paparan OP berkaitan dengan penurunan aktivitas enzim kolinesterase pada petani, gangguan mikrobioma usus, efek neurotoksik, serta kontaminasi tanah dan air tanah. Metode pengendalian, seperti penggunaan alat pelindung diri (APD) dan pencucian produk pangan, belum sepenuhnya efektif akibat rendahnya tingkat kepatuhan dan keberadaan produk transformasi OP di lingkungan yang tetap bersifat toksik. Kesenjangan penelitian meliputi terbatasnya data longitudinal mengenai paparan kronis dosis rendah dan kurangnya studi mengenai produk transformasi OP di tingkat lokal. Kesimpulan: Temuan ini relevan bagi Provinsi Lampung karena residu OP masih terdeteksi pada produk pertanian lokal, sehingga menyoroti perlunya peningkatan edukasi mengenai penanganan keracunan pestisida. Oleh karena itu, pemantauan rutin residu pestisida dan biomonitoring perlu diperkuat guna mendukung pengelolaan pestisida yang lebih aman dan berkelanjutan. Namun, interpretasi mengenai kondisi di Lampung masih terbatas karena sebagian besar literatur yang ditinjau berasal dari luar Lampung, sehingga menekankan perlunya studi multisitus dengan cakupan geografis yang lebih luas.
Introduction: The use of organophosphate (OP) pesticides in the agricultural sector poses serious threats to environmental and human health. This literature review article aims to examine the toxicological effects of OP exposure, evaluate the effectiveness of control methods that have been implemented, identify research gaps, and assess their relevance to agricultural management conditions in Lampung Province. Method: The review was conducted through a literature review of 15 scientific articles published between 2021 and 2026, obtained from relevant scientific sources. Results: The findings indicate that OP exposure is associated with decreased cholinesterase enzyme activity in farmers, gut microbiome disturbances, neurotoxic effects, and contamination of soil and groundwater. Control methods, such as the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and washing of food products, have not been fully effective due to low compliance and the presence of OP transformation products in the environment that remain toxic. Research gaps include limited longitudinal data on chronic low-dose exposure and a lack of studies on OP transformation products at the local level. Conclusion: These findings are relevant to Lampung Province because OP residues have still been detected in local agricultural products, highlighting the need for improved education on pesticide poisoning management. Therefore, routine pesticide residue monitoring and biomonitoring should be strengthened to support safer and more sustainable pesticide management. However, the interpretation of conditions in Lampung remains limited because most of the reviewed literature originated from outside Lampung, emphasizing the need for multisite studies with broader geographical coverage.
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