Theology of Pluralism in the Context of Indonesian Diversity: A Dialogue Between Inclusive and Exclusive Islam in the Perspective of John Hick's Theory
Keywords:
Inclusive Islam, Exclusive Islam, Religious Pluralism, Interfaith Dialogue, Islam WasathiyahAbstract
Indonesia, as a country with the largest Muslim population in the world, presents a unique landscape where Islamic theology interacts with the realities of deep-rooted religious and cultural diversity. This article examines the dynamic tension between two opposing theological orientations in Indonesian Islam: exclusivism and inclusivism. By tracing the historical development of these two concepts—including comparisons with Catholic theological shifts from extra ecclesiam nulla salus to the inclusive spirit of the Second Vatican Council—this study analyzes the core principles, characteristics, and socio-political implications of exclusive and inclusive Islam. The discussion focused on how this theological orientation manifested in contemporary Indonesia, where exclusivism often leads to rigid and literalist interpretations, while inclusivism provides a foundation for religious tolerance, interfaith dialogue, and the concept of Wasathiyah Islam. The article argues that the future of religious harmony in Indonesia depends on strengthening an inclusive theological framework that is firmly rooted in Islamic textual sources and the pluralistic ethos of the nation (Bhinneka Tunggal Ika). By promoting a theology of pluralism, inclusive Islam not only counters the rise of religious radicalism but also makes a significant contribution to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions) and SDG 10 (Reduction of Inequality). In John Hick's theoretical framework, pluralism is understood as the recognition of religious diversity as humanity's authentic response to the same supreme divine reality.
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