The Role of Geospatial Technology and Landform Mapping for Volcanic Secondary Hazard Anticipation in Semeru Volcano, Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v39i2.10060Keywords:
geospatial technology, landform mapping, secondary hazard, semeru volcano Indonesia, geomorphologyAbstract
The combination of geospatial technology and field-based evidence plays an important role. It has become a fundamental information system for any disaster-related database, such as a map at the local and regional levels. This research aims to map the geomorphological conditions of the Semeru Volcano after the 2021 eruption and to identify the area of the rain-triggered lahar slide based on the geomorphological conditions. We used remote sensing, geographic information systems, and field surveys. Factors such as morphological condition, lava slide direction, granularity, and thickness were used to predict the secondary hazard zone. The results found that erosion and sedimentation processes of rain-triggered lahar materials dominated 32 landforms from the geomorphological analysis within the study area. The materials were massively distributed in the middle and low-depositional zones located in the Mandalika formation. The inverse distance weighted analysis of lahar materials showed that the distribution of lahar in the range of 0 - 18.5 m was piled up at the bottom of the deposition process. In addition, through granular analysis, fine materials were deposited in the lower zone as a continuous sedimentation process. The lahar direction analysis also shows that the lower zone is a dangerous slide zone with indications of many lava slides. This research proves that the combination of geospatial and field-based evidence can be used to predict the secondary volcano hazard.
Downloads
References
Adedapo, S. M., & Zurqani, H. A. (2024). Evaluating the performance of various interpolation techniques on digital ele-vation models in a highly dense forest vegetation environment. Ecological Informatics, 102646. [Google Scholar]
Aisandy, A. S., & Sukojo, B. M. (2016). Studi Penentuan Aliran Hidrologi Metode Steepest Slope dan Lowest Height Dengan Aster GDEMV2 dan Alos Palsar (Studi Kasus: Gunung Kelud, Jawa Timur). Jurnal Teknik ITS, 5(2). doi: 10.12962/j23373539.v5i2.17162 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Akbarurrasyid, M., & Kristiana, I. (2020). Analisis Spasial Multi Kriteria untuk Menentukan Kesesuaian Lahan Tambak Budidaya Udang Vannamei (Litopenaeus vannamei): Biogeofisik dan Kualitas Tanah. Samakia: Jurnal Ilmu Perikanan, 11(2), 79–90. [Google Scholar]
Anwar, N., Sofyan, A., & Jumaris, J. (2021). Kajian Kesiapsiagaan Masyarakat dalam Menghadapi Bencana Banjir Lahar Dingin di Kelurahan Tubo Kecamatan Ternate Utara Kota Ternate. Pangea: Wahana Informasi Pengembangan Profesi Dan Ilmu Geografi, 3(1), 181–188. [Google Scholar]
Arisandy, A. S., & Sukojo, B. M. (2016). StudiPenentuanAliran HidrologiMetodeSteepest SlopedanLowest Heightdengan Aster GDEMV2 dan Alos Palsar (StudiKasus: Gunung Kelud, JawaTimur). Jurnal Teknik ITS, 5(2). [Google Scholar]
Arsyad, S. (2010). Konservasi tanah dan air. IPB Press.
Azpurua, M., & dos Ramos, K. (2010). A comparison of spatial interpolation methods for estimation of average electro-magnetic field magnitude. Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, 14, 135–145. doi: 10.2528/PIERM10083103 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Bachri, S., Fathoni, M. N., Sumarmi, Masruroh, H., Wibowo, N. A., Khusna, N., Billah, E. N., & Yudha, L. (2023). Ge-omorphological mapping and landform characterization of Semeru volcano after the eruption in 2021. IOP Con-ference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1180(1). doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1180/1/012004 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Bachri, S., Irawan, L. Y., Wirawan, R., Nurjanah, A. E., Tyas, L. W. N., Utaya, S., & Sumarmi. (2019). Dynamics of Lahar Material Deposition Post 2014 Kelud Eruption of Bladak River. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Envi-ronmental Science, 256(1). doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/256/1/012021 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Bachri, S., Sumarmi, Irawan, L. Y., Fathoni, M. N., Fawaid, A. M., Nuraini, S. G., Utomo, K. S. B., & Aldianto, Y. E. (2021). Developing land capability to reduce land degradation and disaster incident in Bendo Watershed, Banyuwangi. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 630, 012004. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/630/1/012004 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Barsch, D., Fischer, K., & Stablein, G. (2007). Geomorphological Mapping of High Mountain Relief, Federal Republic of Germany. Mountain Research and Development, 7(4), 361. https://doi.org/10.2307/3673285[Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Boggs, S. (2012). Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/download/112323865/9781292034515.pdf
Boyong, S., Yogyakarta Verry Octa Kurniawan, D., Tyas Wulan Mei, E., & Sri Hadmoko, D. (2019). Pemodelan aliran lahar Gunung Api Merapi untuk perhitungan risiko kerugian pada penggunaan lahan terdampak di bantaran, 3, 2.
Bronto, S. (2006). Fasies gunung api dan aplikasinya. Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, 1(2), 59–71. [Google Scholar]
Cando-Jácome, M., & Martínez-Graña, A. (2019). Determination of primary and secondary lahar flow paths of the Fue-go Volcano (Guatemala) using morphometric parameters. Remote Sensing, 11(6). doi: 10.3390/rs11060727 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Cooke, R. U., & Doornkamp, J. C. (1990). Geomorphology in Enviromental Managemen: A New Introduction. Claren-don Press.
Dana, C. D. P., Sudirman, M. R., Noviana, A., & Hidayat, R. (2016). Analisis Granulometri, Morfologi Butir, dan Batu-an Asal pada Endapan Pasir-Kerakal di Sepanjang Aliran Sungai Progo, D.I. Yogyakarta. Seminar Nasional Kebumian Ke-9, 776–786.
Danoedoro, P. (2012). Pengantar Penginderaan Jauh Digital. Andi Publisher.
Desaunettes, J. R. (1977). Catalogue of landforms for Indonesia : examples of a physiographic approach to land evalua-tion for agricultural development : prepared for the Land Capability Appraisal Project at the Soil Research. Insti-tute, Bogor, Indonesia.
Fathoni, M. N., Wicaksono, P., & Bachri, S. (2021). Estimated change in the percentage of vegetation cover after the eruption of Mount Agung, Bali in 2017. Seventh Geoinformation Science Symposium, 12082, 316-326. doi: 10.1117/12.2617334 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Gomez, C., & Lavigne, F. (2010). Automated block detection in lahars through 3-bands spectral analysis of video imag-es. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 190(3–4), 379–384. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.11.005 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Gomez, C., Lavigne, F., Sri Hadmoko, D., & Wassmer, P. (2018a). Insights into lahar deposition processes in the Curah Lengkong (Semeru Volcano, Indonesia) using photogrammetry-based geospatial analysis, near-surface geophys-ics and CFD modelling. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 353, 102–113. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.01.021 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Gomez, C., Lavigne, F., Sri Hadmoko, D., & Wassmer, P. (2018b). Insights into lahar deposition processes in the Curah Lengkong (Semeru Volcano, Indonesia) using photogrammetry-based geospatial analysis, near-surface geophys-ics and CFD modelling. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 353, 102–113. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.01.021 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Hadmoko, D. S., de Belizal, E., Mutaqin, B. W., Dipayana, G. A., Marfai, M. A., Lavigne, F., Sartohadi, J., Worosupro-jo, S., Starheim, C. C. A., & Gomez, C. (2018). Post-eruptive lahars at Kali Putih following the 2010 eruption of Merapi volcano, Indonesia: occurrences and impacts. Natural Hazards, 94(1), 419–444. doi: 10.1007/s11069-018-3396-7 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Hart, A. B., & Hearn, G. J. (2018). Mapping geohazards in the watersheds above Leh, Ladakh: The use of publicly-available remote sensing to assist risk management. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 31, 789–798. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.07.021 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Hazbavi, Z. (2018). Importance of Geology and Geomorphology in Watershed Health Assessment. The Journal “Agri-culture and Forestry,” 64(4). doi: 10.17707/AgricultForest.64.4.27 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Htun, M. M., Surjono, S. S., & Setyowiyoto, J. (2020a). Granulometry analysis of Ngrayong sandstone, Tempuran Area, Rembang Zone, North East Java Basin. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 451(1), 012082. [Google Scholar]
Htun, M. M., Surjono, S. S., & Setyowiyoto, J. (2020b). Granulometry analysis of Ngrayong sandstone, Tempuran Area, Rembang Zone, North East Java Basin. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 451(1), 012082. [Google Scholar]
Idjuddin, A. A., Erfandi, D., Soelaeman, Y., Suwanda, M. H., & Suganda, H. (2010). Rehabilitasi dan konservasi tanah pasca-erupsi Gunung Merapi. Kajian Cepat Dampak Erupsi Gunung Merapi.
Jenson, S. K., & Dominque, J. O. (1988). Extracting topographic structure from digital elevation data for geographic in-formation system analysis. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 54(11), 1593–1600. [Google Scholar]
Joyce, K. E., Samsonov, S., Manville, V., Jongens, R., Graettinger, A., & Cronin, S. J. (2009). Remote sensing data types and techniques for lahar path detection: A case study at Mt Ruapehu, New Zealand. Remote Sensing of Environment, 113(8), 1778–1786. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2009.04.001 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Kaku, K. (2019). Satellite remote sensing for disaster management support: A holistic and staged approach based on case studies in Sentinel Asia. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 33, 417–432. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.09.015 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Kassouk, Z., Thouret, J. C., Gupta, A., Solikhin, A., & Liew, S. C. (2014). Object-oriented classification of a high-spatial resolution SPOT5 image for mapping geology and landforms of active volcanoes: Semeru case study, In-donesia. Geomorphology, 221, 18–33. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.04.022 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Khodaverdizahraee, N., Rastiveis, H., & Jouybari, A. (2020). Segment-by-segment comparison technique for earth-quake-induced building damage map generation using satellite imagery. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 46, 101505. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101505 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Kurnianto, F. A. (2019). Proses Geomorfologi dan Kaitannya dengan Tipologi Wilayah. Majalah Pembelajaran Geografi, 2(2), 131–147. [Google Scholar]
Kurniawan, V. O., Mei, E. T. W., & Hadmoko, D. S. (2019). Pemodelan aliran lahar Gunung Api Merapi untuk perhitungan risiko kerugian pada penggunaan lahan terdampak di bantaran Sungai Boyong, Pakem, Sleman, DI Yogyakarta. Jurnal Geografi Lingkungan Tropik (Journal of Geography of Tropical Environments), 3(2), 3. [Google Scholar]
Lavigne, F., & Thouret, J. C. (2000). Lahars: Deposits, origins, and behaviour. Bulletin de La Société Géologique de France, 171(5), 545–557. doi: 10.2113/171.5.545 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Lavigne, F., Thouret, J.-C., Hadmoko, D. S., & Sukatja, B. (2016). Lahars in Java: Initiations, Dynamics, Hazard As-sessment And Deposition Processes. Forum Geografi, 21(1), 5–24. doi: 10.23917/forgeo.v21i1.1822 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Lee, S., & Lee, C. (2015). Detection and Hazard Mapping of Lahar and Pyroclastic Flow at Mount Merapi in Indonesia using the LAHARZ Program. Near-Surface Asia Pacific Conference, Waikoloa, Hawaii, 7-10, 124–126. doi: 10.1190/nsapc2015-032 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Lestari, N. K. D. A., Trigunasih, N. M., Dibia, I. N., & Suyarto, R. (2019). Interpretasi Citra untuk Analisis Kapasitas Sungai Unda sebagai Tampungan Lahar Dingin Erupsi Gunung Agung Bali. Jurnal Agroekoteknologi Tropika, 8(2), 222–230. [Google Scholar]
Masitoh, F., Rusydi, A. N., & Diki Pratama, I. (2019). Kajian hidrogeomorfologi pada DAS orde 0 (nol) di Dusun Brau Batu. Jurnal Pendidikan Geografi, 24(2), 73–84. [Google Scholar]
Mir, R. A., & Jeelani, G. H. (2015). Textural characteristics of sediments and weathering in the Jhelum River basin locat-ed in Kashmir Valley, western Himalaya. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 86, 445–458. [Google Scholar]
Munir, M. D., Santoso, F. I., Eka, N. A., & Amanda, A. E. (2024). Lahar flow characteristic of Semeru Volcano based on Flow-R Model and its countermeasure. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1343(1), 012032. [Google Scholar]
Mutaqin, B. W., Amanatulloh, D. A., Waskita, T. B., Marfai, M. A., Isnain, M. N., Alwi, M., & Khomarudin, M. R. (2022). Analisis Geomorfologi dan Oseanografi untuk Identifikasi Tipologi Pulau Kecil: Studi Kasus di Kepu-lauan Maluku Utara dan Karimunjawa. JPG (Jurnal Pendidikan Geografi), 9(1). [Google Scholar]
Niu, X., Tang, H., & Wu, L. (2018). Satellite scheduling of large areal tasks for rapid response to natural disaster using a multi-objective genetic algorithm. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 28, 813–825. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.02.013 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Ohashi, O., & Torgo, L. (2012). Spatial interpolation using multiple regression. 2012 IEEE 12th International Conference on Data Mining, 1044–1049.
Otto, J.-C., & Smith, M. J. (2013). Geomorphological mapping Field Mapping. British Society for Geomorphology, 6, 1–10. [Google Scholar]
Pasaribu, J. M., & Haryani, N. S. (2012). Perbandingan teknik interpolasi DEM SRTM dengan metode Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW), natural neighbor dan spline (Comparison of DEM SRTM interpolation techniques using In-verse Distance Weighted (IDW), natural neighbor and spline method). Jurnal Penginderaan Jauh Dan Pen-golahan Data Citra Digital, 9(2). [Google Scholar]
Pasaribu, J. M., Suryo, N., Pemanfaatan, H. P., & Jauh, P. (2012). Perbandingan Teknik Interpolasi Dem Srtm Dengan Metode Inverse Distance Weighted (Idw), Natural Neighbor dan Spline (Comparison Of Dem Srtm Interpola-tion Techniques Using Inverse Distance Weighted (Idw), Natural Neighbor And Spline Method). Jurnal Penginderaan Jauh, 9, 2. [Google Scholar]
Pavlopoulos, K., Evelpidou, N., & Vassilopoulos, A. (2009). Mapping Geomorphological Environments. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-01950-0 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Pramono, G. H. (2008). Accuracy of the IDW and kriging methods for interpolating the suspended sediment distribu-tion in Maros, South Sulawesi. Forum Geografi, 22(1), 145158. [Google Scholar]
Procter, J., Zernack, A., Mead, S., Morgan, M., & Cronin, S. (2021). A review of lahars; past deposits, historic events and present-day simulations from Mt. Ruapehu and Mt. Taranaki, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geol-ogy and Geophysics, 64(2–3), 479–503. doi: 10.1080/00288306.2020.1824999 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Putra, D. R. K., Kurniawan, L., Maarif, S., & Widodo, P. (2022). The Role of Lumajang ’ s Regional Disaster Manage-ment Agency Facing of Semeru Volcanic Eruptions. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 7(12), 1320–1325. [Google Scholar]
Putra, P. S., & Nugroho, S. H. (2017). Distribusi Sedimen Permukaan Dasar Laut Perairan Sumba, Nusa Tenggara Timur. OLDI (Oseanologi Dan Limnologi Di Indonesia), 2(3), 49–63. [Google Scholar]
PVMBG. (2021). Press Release Aktivitas Vulkanik G. Semeru – Jawa Timur 4 Desember 2021.
Qurotulayun, A. A., Haribowo, R., & Sambah, A. B. (2023). The Impact of Mountain Semeru's Eruption on Groundwa-ter Resources in the Rejali Watershed in 2021. Jurnal Presipitasi: Media Komunikasi dan Pengembangan Teknik Lingkungan, 20(2), 481-493. [Google Scholar]
Rachman, R. A., Wibowo, M., Wiguna, E. A., Nugroho, S., Madyani, M., & Santoso, B. (2021). Kajian Karakteristik Sedimen Dasar di Perairan Sungailiat untuk Mendukung Pengembangan Pelabuhan Perikanan Nusantara Sungailiat, Kab. Bangka. Buletin Oseanografi Marina, 10(2), 112–122. doi: 10.14710/buloma.v10i2.31662 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Rijal, S. S. (2020). Identifikasi Material Piroklastik Pasca Erupsi Gunung Kelud Menggunakan Citra Hyperspektral (Hyperspectral Imagery for Identification of Kelud Volcano Pyroclastic Material). Jurnal Penginderaan Jauh Dan Pengolahan Data Citra Digital, 17(1), 1–9. doi: 10.30536/j.pjpdcd.2020.v17.a [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Rozamuri, M. F., & Hidayat, R. (2016). Studi Awal Granulometri Pada Sungai Mandeh dan Sungai Nyalo, Teluk Mandeh, Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan, Sumatera Barat. Seminar Nasional Kebumian Ke-9, 754–764.
Sartohadi, J., Sianaturi, R. S., Ramadhana, W., Maritimo, F., Wacano, D., Munawaroh, Suryani, T., & Pratiwi, E. S. (2014). Bentang Sumberdaya Lahan Kawasan Gunungapi Ijen dan Sekiternya (Yogyakarta). Pustaka Pelajar.
Sasmito, K., Rindawati, P. I., Pradana, S. A., & Andika, B. (2018). Analisis Lingkungan Pengendapan Dengan Metode Analisis Granulometri Daerah Tanah Merah Kota Samarinda, Kalimantan Timur. JURNAL TEKNIK GEOLOGI: Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Dan Teknologi, 1(1). [Google Scholar]
Sayudi, D. S., Wirakusumah, A. D., & Putra, R. (2014). Mekanisme pengendapan lahar sungai boyong di gunung merapi berdasarkan analisa granulometri. Jurnal ESDM, 6(1), 26–34. [Google Scholar]
Schneiderbauer, S., Calliari, E., Hagenlocher, M., Bonadonna, C., Simmons, D. C., Simmons, D. C., Gowland, R., & King, A. G. (2017). Understanding disaster risk: risk assessment methodologies and examples. Science for disas-ter risk management, 38-130.
Sheets, P. D., & Grayson, D. K. (1979). Volcanic Activity and Human Ecology.
Smith, M. J., Paron, P., & Griffiths, J. S. (2011). GEOMORPHOLOGICAL MAPPING METHODS AND APPLICA-TIONS. Elsevier B.V.
Solikhin, A., Thouret, J. C., Gupta, A., Harris, A. J. L., & Liew, S. C. (2012). Geology, tectonics, and the 2002-2003 eruption of the Semeru volcano, Indonesia: Interpreted from high-spatial resolution satellite imagery. Geomor-phology, 138(1), 364–379. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.10.001 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Suriani, P. D., Fajar, M. H. M., Ariyanti, N., Ramadhani, A. P., Ulumuddin, F., Rahayu, H. K., Wirayudhatama, M., Alfany, M. K., Rafi, M. E. D., & Zukhrufah, S. Z. (2024). Sediment Deposits Texture Analysis of Besuk Kobokan River in the Northern Slope Semeru Volcano Lumajang. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environ-mental Science, 1307(1), 012025. [Google Scholar]
Thouret, J. C., Lavigne, F., Suwa, H., Sukatja, B., & Surono. (2007). Volcanic hazards at Mount Semeru, East Java (In-donesia), with emphasis on lahars. Bulletin of Volcanology, 70(2), 221–244. doi: 10.1007/s00445-007-0133-6 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Thouret, J. C., Wavelet, E., Taillandier, M., Tjahjono, B., Jenkins, S. F., Azzaoui, N., & Santoni, O. (2022). Defining population socio-economic characteristics, hazard knowledge and risk perception: The adaptive capacity to per-sistent volcanic threats from Semeru, Indonesia. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 77. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103064 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Tomaszewski, B. M., Moore, E. A., Parnell, K., Leader, A. M., Armington, W. R., Aponte, O., Brooks, L., Herold, B. K., Meyers, B. S., Ruggero, T., Sutherby, Z., Wolters, M., Wu, S., Szarzynski, J., Greve, K., & Parody, R. (2020). Developing a geographic information capacity (GIC) profile for disaster risk management under United Nations framework commitments. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 47, 101638. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101638 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Wahyuningtyas, N., Yaniafari, R. P., Rosyida, F., Megasari, R., Dewi, K., & Khotimah, K. (2021). Mapping an Eruption Disaster-Prone Area in the Bromo-Tengger-Semeru National Tourism Strategic (case study of Mount Semeru, Indonesia). Geojournal of Tourism and Geosites, 39(4), 1430–1438. doi: 10.30892/gtg.394spl14-787 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Waleed, M., & Sajjad, M. (2023). On the emergence of geospatial cloud-based platforms for disaster risk management: A global scientometric review of Google Earth Engine applications. International Journal of Disaster Risk Re-duction, 97, 104056. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.104056 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Widodo, A., Warnana, D. D., GNR, J. P., & Iswahyudi, A. (2018). Pemetaan Kerentanan Tsunami Kabupaten Lumajang Menggunakan Sistem Informasi Geografis. IPTEK Journal of Proceedings Series, 2. [Google Scholar]
Published
Versions
- 2025-07-30 (2)
- 2025-07-29 (1)
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Syamsul Bachri, Osamu Murao, Muhammad Naufal Fathoni, A Riyan Rahman Hakiki
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
