Western philosophy emphasizes the intrinsic and instrumental value of knowledge. Originating from the Greek philosophical tradition, knowledge in the Western context is often pursued for its own sake (intrinsic value) or as a means to societal progress (instrumental value). Enlightenment thinkers like Immanuel Kant advocated for reason and autonomy as the basis of knowledge, focusing on human-centric moral and ethical frameworks. Modern Western epistemology also incorporates utilitarian and pragmatist approaches, valuing knowledge that leads to tangible societal benefits [6], [7].

However, the Western perspective has faced critiques for its anthropocentrism and separation of ethics from spirituality. Postmodernist scholars challenge the dominance of positivist and empiricist paradigms, calling for a recognition of diverse epistemologies and the cultural contexts that shape knowledge. This critique aligns with efforts to reexamine the axiological underpinnings of Western knowledge systems to address contemporary global challenges like inequality, environmental degradation, and moral relativism [6], [7].

In Islamic tradition, the pursuit of knowledge is deeply rooted in the Qur'anic worldview, where knowledge is considered both a means to understand God's creation and an obligation upon every Muslim. The axiology of Islamic knowledge emphasizes three interconnected dimensions: the divine (ta'abbud), the moral (akhlaq), and the utilitarian (maslahah). Knowledge serves as a bridge between human understanding and divine guidance, integrating spirituality with ethical and practical considerations [8].

Islamic scholars such as Al-Farabi, Al-Ghazali, and Ibn Khaldun have emphasized the unity of knowledge ('ilm) and its role in achieving justice ('adl) and societal well-being. The Islamic approach rejects the dichotomy between sacred and secular knowledge, advocating for an integrated system where all forms of knowledge contribute to fulfilling the objectives of Shariah (Maqasid al-Shariah). This holistic framework prioritizes values such as justice, compassion, and communal harmony [6], [7].

Comparative Analysis and Integration. The Western and Islamic perspectives share commonalities in their recognition of the ethical implications of knowledge and its role in societal advancement. However, the integration of these paradigms requires addressing their divergences. Western epistemology often separates ethics and metaphysics, while Islamic knowledge systems embed ethics within a spiritual framework. This divergence can be reconciled through dialogue that respects the autonomy of both traditions while seeking common ground [8].

Integration efforts can draw from frameworks like Transdisciplinarity and Islamic epistemology's concept of tawhid (oneness). For instance, combining Western scientific rigour with Islamic ethical principles can address global challenges such as climate change and technological ethics. Moreover, Islamic perspectives can enrich Western discourses by introducing value-based approaches to science and education, promoting a balanced worldview [6], [7].

The axiological foundations of knowledge in Western and Islamic traditions provide valuable insights for addressing contemporary epistemological and ethical dilemmas. While these paradigms differ in their metaphysical assumptions and applications, their integration offers a promising avenue for fostering inclusive and value-driven approaches to knowledge. This synthesis not only enhances mutual understanding but also paves the way for a transformative global knowledge system [8].

The axiological foundations of knowledge in Western and Islamic perspectives differ significantly in terms of values and their application to education and development. Western thought emphasizes objectivity and individualism, while Islamic epistemology integrates divine guidance and collective well-being. Their integration can support the achievement of SDGs by fostering ethical, holistic approaches to knowledge that promote social justice, sustainability, and human dignity [8]. .

Western Axiology is an examination of values, an investigation of nature, and the status of metaethics in Greek philosophical thought. The study of this value has given rise to various views from various philosophers, including:

The value itself becomes a question for scientists who then provide a different perspective. First, some argue that science is value-free, which means that science only tries to understand natural law objectively without being influenced by worldly interests. Science must be neutral to values. The task of a scientist is to discover science, and its application depends on each individual, whether it is used wisely or otherwise [14]- [16].

The second argues that the neutrality of science is only limited to the metaphysical aspects of science, where in its application or the selection of research objects, it must be based on the moral principles that exist in society. This shows that all sciences, especially social sciences, cannot be developed without involving human values or interests. This view is evidenced by the fact that science has been used destructively in two world wars that utilized scientific technologies. Science is developing rapidly and scientists are realizing the potential

Islamic Axiology is the study of Islamic values embraced by scientists in determining their application and utilization in life. Islamic science tends to argue that the value of knowledge is bound by value (value bound), which means that the neutrality of knowledge to value is only limited to the metaphysical aspect, while in its application it is based on moral principles. Referring to the ontological basis of the concept of God (Allah) which is functional and the revelation given to the Prophet Muhammad as a form of God's affection for humans, then axiologically all Islamic scientific concepts are bound by revelation [20]- [22].

Islam places knowledge in the context of divine and universal values. Knowledge is not only seen as a way to understand natural phenomena but also as a medium to get closer to God. Here are some key points:

In the Islamic view, science has a transcendental dimension that comes from revelation and sharia. Knowledge is not considered a value-free entity but is always connected to moral values and divine purposes. This concept is rooted in the belief that all knowledge comes from Allah, the Supreme Creator. Qur'anic verses, such as QS Al-Baqarah: 31 which explains that Allah taught Adam names (knowledge), show that science is not only related to the physical world but also to a higher metaphysical dimension. Knowledge must be used for the benefit and within the ethical boundaries that have been established by the Sharia [25]- [27].

In contrast, in the Western tradition, science is more focused on rationality, empiricism, and secularism. Western thought, especially since the Enlightenment, separated religion from science. The value orientation in Western philosophy of science emphasizes a pragmatic approach that is materialistic. Science is directed at understanding nature through scientific methods and experiments, as well as contributing to improving the quality of human life. In this context, spiritual values are often considered subjective and irrelevant in the development of science. However, this secular orientation also raises various criticisms. Many modern philosophical figures, such as Jürgen Habermas, question whether science can be completely free of value. In the context of technological developments such as nuclear weapons or genetic engineering, for example, criticism of secular orientation is increasingly important because its negative impact on humanity and the environment is often ignored [28]–[30].

Islam sees knowledge as a way to achieve Allah's pleasure and eternal happiness. Science is not only used to master nature but also to deepen the understanding of God's creation and give more meaning to life in a spiritual and social context. In Islam, science functions as a tool that supports the ummah in achieving a higher goal, namely salvation in this world and the hereafter. For example, Islam teaches that science without good intentions and the principle of justice will only plunge a person into evil [31], [32].

On the other hand, Western countries place more emphasis on material success and technological innovation. In this context, science is used to achieve progress in worldly life, such as improving the quality of life, efficiency, and the development of technology that can bring material prosperity. In many ways, Western science is seen as a means to create wealth and power, with practical goals that are both short-term and secular [33], [34].

The axiology of science in the Islamic and Western views shows different approaches regarding the value, purpose, and utilization of knowledge. However, by identifying the commonalities, the merger of the two can result in a paradigm of science that prioritizes sustainability, social justice, and spiritual values [35] .

The Islamic and Western perspectives have universal values that can be the foundation of integration, such as the benefit of humanity and ethical responsibility. In Islam, knowledge is directed to achieve maqashid sharia, namely the preservation of religion, soul, intellect, descendants, and treasures to create a balance between life in this world and the hereafter. The West, through utilitarianism, also emphasizes the importance of science to achieve the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. However, these values have a point of difference, where Islam bases benefits on divine will and transcendental principles, while the West often prioritizes a rational and empirical approach to determining what is beneficial [36], [37].

Islam provides a clear moral foundation, prohibiting the misuse of knowledge for detrimental purposes, such as environmental damage or excessive genetic manipulation. In the Western tradition, scientific ethics is also a crucial issue, as in the debate about bioethics and scientific responsibility in the application of modern technology. For example, in the context of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, Islam emphasizes the importance of using technology for good without forgetting moral values such as justice and privacy. An integrative approach can be applied by adopting Western scientific methodologies that are data-based and empirical, but still guided by profound Islamic ethical principles [38], [39].

Islam presents a balance between physical and spiritual needs with the view that knowledge is a means to achieve happiness in this world and the hereafter. In this case, knowledge is considered worship if it is used by Sharia and aims for the welfare of the people. Meanwhile, Western approaches often prioritize material achievements and technological innovations to improve the quality of life. Integration can be achieved by taking advantage of Western technological innovations while ensuring that its use is aligned with Islamic spiritual values. For example, in the field of health, modern technology can be utilized for healing purposes, but it must still be by Islamic principles, such as maintaining the sanctity of life and respecting the will of the patient [40], [41] .

The Islamic perspective emphasizes that knowledge must be utilized for the common good and its distribution must be done fairly. This principle is contrary to the tendency of knowledge capitalization in the Western tradition, which often results in social inequality and exclusion for marginalized communities. An integrative approach can be applied by encouraging inclusive and empowering research, which combines Western methodologies with Islamic values to create equitable solutions [42], [43].

On the issue of sustainability, Islam emphasizes the importance of maintaining a harmonious relationship between humans and nature, as affirmed in the concept of caliph (preservation of the earth). This is in line with modern ecological ideas in the West, which emphasizes the importance of sustainability in the use of natural resources [44], [45] .

The analysis and discussion of the Axiological Foundations of Knowledge between Western and Islamic perspectives reveal fundamental differences in the values underlying the theory of knowledge. In Western thought, knowledge is often seen as a result of rationality and objectivity, focusing on individual achievement and personal development. Western educational systems emphasize empirical and analytical theories, prioritizing proof through experience and experimentation. This approach aligns with the paradigm of sustainable development based on innovation, technology, and scientific progress [44], [45] .

In contrast, in Islamic thought, knowledge is viewed as a gift from God, meant to be used for the welfare of humanity. The axiology in Islam emphasizes the relationship between knowledge and morality, with the ultimate goal of achieving both worldly and spiritual well-being. Knowledge in Islam focuses not only on material aspects but also on ethical and social values such as justice, solidarity, and social responsibility. Therefore, the integration of both perspectives can contribute a more holistic approach in supporting the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly in education, poverty alleviation, and equitable prosperity. This integration allows the application of knowledge that is not only based on technological advancement but also on moral values that prioritize collective well-being [44], [45].