Antibacterial Activity Test of Transdermal Patch Formulation of Methanolic Extract of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) Stem Bark Against Staphylococcus aureus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23917/pharmacon.v23i1.13899Keywords:
Antibacterial, Moringa oleifera, Staphylococcus aureus, Trandermal PatchAbstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that causes skin and systemic infections, which can lead to serious complications. Resistance to conventional antibiotics poses a major challenge in treating these infections. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of a transdermal patch containing methanol extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. bark against Staphylococcus aureus. The study design is experimental, using a transdermal patch formulation containing the extract in three different concentrations (4%, 8%, and 12%). The evaluation was conducted on the physical properties of the patch, including organoleptic properties, pH, weight uniformity, thickness, fold resistance, and stability test. The preference test and antibacterial activity test were conducted using the well diffusion method. The results showed that all patch formulations met the requirements for good physical characteristics. Antibacterial activity increased with increasing extract concentration, with the highest inhibition zone (21.06 mm) observed at 12% extract concentration. The acceptability test showed that the patch formulation was well accepted by the respondents. Thus, the transdermal patch formulation of methanolic extract of moringa bark has the potential as an alternative treatment for skin infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
Downloads
References
Aprilia, N. M., Widayat, W., & Ramadhan, A. M. (2017). Antibacterial Activity of Methanol Extract of the Root of Merung Plant (Coptosapelta flavescens Korth.) Against Streptococcus mutans bacteria. Proceeding of Mulawarman Pharmaceuticals Conferences, 6, 146–154. https://doi.org/10.25026/mpc.v6i1.277 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25026/mpc.v6i1.277
Ariyanti, Eni Masruriati, R. A. (2019). Comparison of Quality of Moringa Plant Leaf Extract and Stem Bark (Moringa oleifera) from Langenharjo Kendal. Cendekia Journal of Pharmacy STIKES Cendekia Utama Kudus, 3(No 1), 26–64. https://doi.org/10.31596/cjp.v3i1.40 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31596/cjp.v3i1.40
Badaring, D. R., Sari, S. P. M., Satrina Nurhabiba, Wulan, W., & Lembang, S. A. R. (2020). Uji Ekstrak Daun Maja (Aegle marmelos L.) terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus. Indonesian Journal Of Fundamental Sciences, 6(1), 16–26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26858/ijfs.v6i1.13941
Balaji, P., Thirumal, M., Gowri, R., Divya, V., & Vadivelan, R. (2012). Design And Evaluation Of Matrix Type Of Transdermal Patches Of Methotrexate. 2(4), 464–471.
Banerjee, S., Chattopadhyay, P., Ghosh, A., Bhattacharya, S. S., Kundu, A., & Veer, V. (2014). Accelerated stability testing of a transdermal patch composed of eserine and pralidoxime chloride for prophylaxis against (±)-anatoxin a poisoning. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 22(2), 264–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2014.01.022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2014.01.022
Bukar, A., Uba, A., & Oyeyi, T. (2010). Antimicrobial profile of moringa oleifera lam. Extracts against some food – borne microorganisms. Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 3(1), 43–48. https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v3i1.58706 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v3i1.58706
Cholifah, N., Ridhay, A., Satrimafitrah, P., Ruslan, & Ys, H. (2020). Antibacterial Activity of Methanol Extracts from The Stem Bark of
Moringa oleifera Lam. Against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia, 6(1), 34–38. https://doi.org/10.22487/kovalen.2020.v6.i1.12854 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22487/kovalen.2020.v6.i1.12854
Chourisa Sumit, Shukla Tripti, Dangi Surendra, Meeraj Upmanyu, J. N. (2019). Formulation and evaluation of matrix transdermal patches of meloxicam. (pp. 209–213). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i1-s.2326 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i1-s.2326
Dewatisari, W. F., Rumiyanti, L., & Rakhmawati, I. (2018). Rendemen and phytochemical screening using leaf extract of Sansevieria sp. Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Terapan, 17(3), 197–202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25181/jppt.v17i3.336
Dira, M. A., & Dewi, K. M. C. (2022). Formulation and Evaluation of Body Scrub Cream with Combination of Moringa oleifera and Oryza sativa Extracts as Exfoliants. Jurnal Mandala Pharmacon Indonesia, 8(2), 307–317. https://doi.org/10.35311/jmpi.v8i2.242 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35311/jmpi.v8i2.242
Fakruddin, M., Mannan, K. S. B., Chowdhury, A., Mazumdar, R. M., Hossain, M. N., Islam, S., & Chowdhury, M. A. (2019). Nucleic acid amplification: Alternative methods of polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 5(4), 245–252. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.120066 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.120066
Faradina, A. S., Mastra, N., & Karta, I. W. (2019). Antibacterial Activity Test of Gout Root Ethanol Extract (Plumbago zeylanica L.) Against the Growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Vitro. Meditory, 7(2), 110–118.
Fauzan, A., Sinto Dewi, S., & Wilson, W. (2019). Effectiveness of Ethanol Extract of Leaf Onion (Aliium fistulosum. L) against Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Jurnal Labora Medika, 3(2), 54–57. https://doi.org/10.26714/jlabmed.3.2.2019.54-57
Gunarti, N. S., Hidayah, H., & Aliani, N. (2024). Formulation and Physical Test of Gedi Leaf Ethanol Extract Patch (Abelmoschus manihot(L.) Medical as a Fever Reducer. Perjuangan Nature Pharmaceutical Conference, 1(1), 271–279.
Guo, Y., Song, G., Sun, M., Wang, J., & Wang, Y. (2020). Prevalence and Therapies of Antibiotic-Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 10(March), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.00107 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.00107
Hanbali, O. A. A. L. (2019). Transdermal patches : Design and current approaches to painless drug delivery. 69, 197–215. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/acph-2019-0016
Ikalinus, R., Widyastuti, S., & Eka Setiasih, N. (2015). Skrining Fitokimia Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Batang Kelor (Moringa oleifera). Indonesia Medicus Veterinus, 4(1), 77.
Jadhav, R. T., Kasture, P. V, Gattani, S. G., & Surana, S. J. (2009). Formulation And Evaluation of Transdermal Films of Diclofenac Sodium. International Journal of PharmTech Research, 1(4), 1507–1522.
Jain, V. D., Meshram, B., & Durbale, L. (2024). A Review: Extraction and Formulation of Transdermal Patch of Moringa Oleifera. International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research, 6(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i01.12272 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i01.12272
Kalsum, U., Erikania, S., & Nurmaulawati, R. (2023). Uji Efektivitas Sediaan Transdermal Patch Ekstrak Daun Beluntas (Pluchea indica L.) Terhadap Luka Sayat Pada Mencit Putih (Mus musculus). Prosiding Seminar Informasi Kesehatan Nasional (SIKesNas), 2023.
Khalisa, K., Lubis, Y. M., & Agustina, R. (2021). Uji Organoleptik Minuman Sari Buah Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi.L). Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian, 6(4), 594–601. https://doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v6i4.18689 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v6i4.18689
Kristianti, L. W., Hidayati, E. N., & Santoso, J. (2024). Formulasi dan Uji Sediaan Patch Ekstrak Daun Pacar Air (Impatiens Balsamina L) sebagai Antibakteri Terhadap Bakteri Propionibacterium Acnes Penyebab Jerawat. Majalah Farmasetika, 9(6), 561–576. https://doi.org/10.24198/mfarmasetika.v9i6.59459 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/mfarmasetika.v9i6.59459
Lamusu, D. (2018). Uji Organoleptik Jalar JALAR KUNING ( Ipomoea batatas L) SEBAGAI UPAYA DIVERSIFIKASI PANGAN. Jurnal Pengolahan Pangan, 3(1), 9–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31970/pangan.v3i1.7
Latif, M. S., Al-Harbi, F. F., Nawaz, A., Rashid, S. A., Farid, A., Al Mohaini, M., Alsalman, A. J., Al Hawaj, M., & Alhashem, Y. N. (2022). Formulation and Evaluation of Hydrophilic Polymer Based Methotrexate Patches: In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization. Polymers, 14(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14071310 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14071310
Levy, S. B., & Bonnie, M. (2014). Antibacterial resistance worldwide: Causes, challenges and responses. Nature Medicine, 10(12S), S122–S129. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1145 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1145
Mariadi, M., & Bernardi, W. (2023). Formulation of Patch Preparations from Bay Leaf Extract ( Syzygium polyanthum [ Wight .] Walp.) and In Vitro Antibacterial Activity Test of Propionibacterium acne. Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 06(02), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.32734/idjpcr.v6i2.13523 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32734/idjpcr.v6i2.13523
Muthmainnah, B. (2017). Skrining Fitokimia Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder dari Ekstrak Etanol Buah Delima (Punica granatum L.) Dengan Metode Uji Warna. Media Farmasi, 13(2), 36. https://doi.org/10.32382/mf.v13i2.880 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32382/mf.v13i2.880
Nay, D. M. W. (2023). Potensi Daya Hambat Ekstrak Kulit Batang Kelor (Moringa oleifera L.) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus Aureus. Madani: Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal, 1(4), 2986–6340.
Nitiariksa, N., & Iskandar, S. (2021). Pengembangan dan Evaluasi Formula Sediaan Patch Ekstrak Daun Binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Tenore) Steenis). Journal of Pharmacopolium, 4(2), 81–90. https://doi.org/10.36465/jop.v4i2.743 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36465/jop.v4i2.743
Novia, N., & Noval, N. (2021). Pengaruh Kombinasi Polimer Polivinil Pirolidon dan Etil Selulosa terhadap Karakteristik dan Uji Penetrasi Formulasi Transdermal Patch Ekstrak Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia (L). Jurnal Surya Medika, 7(1), 173–184. https://doi.org/10.33084/jsm.v7i1.2653 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33084/jsm.v7i1.2653
Nugrahani, R. A., & Ayuwardani, N. (2023). Uji Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Akar Dan Kulit Batang Kelor (Moringa oleifera Lam.) dengan Metode DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil). Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, 3(1), 10–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30591/pjif.v12i1.3876
Nurmesa, A., Nurhabibah, N., & Najihudin, A. (2019). Formulasi Dan Evaluai Stabilitas Fisik Patch Transdermal Alkaloid Nikotin Daun Tembakau (Nicotiana tobacum Linn) Dengan Variasi Polimer Dan Asam Oleat. In Jurnal Penelitian Farmasi & Herbal (Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp. 1–8). https://doi.org/10.36656/jpfh.v2i1.150 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36656/jpfh.v2i1.124
Paikra, B. K., Dhongade, H. K. J., & Gidwani, B. (2017). Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Moringa oleifera Lam. Journal of Pharmacopuncture, 20(3), 194–200. https://doi.org/10.3831/kpi.2017.20.022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2017.20.022
Pratasik, M. C. M., Yamlean, P. V. Y., & Wiyono, W. I. (2019). Formulasi Dan Uji Stabilitas Fisik Sediaan Krim Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sesewanua (Clerodendron squamatum Vahl.). Pharmacon, 8(2), 261. https://doi.org/10.35799/pha.8.2019.29289 DOI: https://doi.org/10.35799/pha.8.2019.29289
Pratiwi, G., Susanti, S., & Shiyan, S. (2020). Application of Factorial Design for Optimization of PVC-HPMC Polymers in Matrix Film Ibuprofen Patch-Transdermal Drug Delivery System. Indonesian Journal of Chemometrics and Pharmaceutical Analysis, 1(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijcpa.486 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijcpa.486
Primadiamanti Annisa, Purnama Candra Robby, A. R. (2018). Uji Daya Hambat Daun, Kulit Batang Dan Buah Sawo Manila Muda (Manikara zapota L) Terhadap Bakteri Escherichia coli Dan Staphylococcus aureus Menggunakan Metode Difusi Sumuran. Jurnal Analis Farmasi, 3(4), 239–245.
Qamariah, N., Handayani, R., & Mahendra, A. I. (2022). Uji Hedonik dan Daya Simpan Sediaan Salep Ekstrak Etanol Umbi Hati Tanah. Jurnal Surya Medika, 7(2), 124–131. https://doi.org/10.33084/jsm.v7i2.3213 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33084/jsm.v7i2.3213
Rompas, S. A. T., Wewengkang, D. S., & Mpila, D. A. (2022). Antibacterial Activity Test of Marine Organisms Tunicates Polycarpa aurata Against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmacon, 11(1), 1271–1278.
Sarwo, L., Fitriana, M., & Wathan, N. (2025). Aktivitas Antibakteri Sediaan Microneedle Acne Patch Ekstrak Etanol Daun Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi Linn) terhadap Staphylococcus epidermidis. Borneo Journal of Pharmascientech, 9(1), 53–62. https://doi.org/10.59053/bjp.v9i1.658 DOI: https://doi.org/10.59053/bjp.v9i1.658
Shah, S., Prabhu, P., & Gundad, S. (2011). Formulation development and investigation of domperidone transdermal patches. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation, 1(4), 240. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-973x.93008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-973X.93008
Singh, A., & Bali, A. (2016). Formulation and characterization of transdermal patches for controlled delivery of duloxetine hydrochloride. Journal of Analytical Science and Technology, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40543-016-0105-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40543-016-0105-6
Sugiharta, S., & Ningsih, W. (2021). Evaluasi Stabilitas Sifat Fisika Kimia Sediaan Krim Ketoconazole dengan Metode Stabilitas Penyimpanan Jangka Panjang. Majalah Farmasetika, 6(Suppl 1), 162. https://doi.org/10.24198/mfarmasetika.v6i0.36707 DOI: https://doi.org/10.24198/mfarmasetika.v6i0.36707
Supit, J. W., Langi, T. M., & Ludong, M. M. (2015). Analisis Sifat Fisikokimia Dan Organoleptik Sambal “Cahero.” In Cocos, 6(7), 1–7.
Throne, R. (2024). IRB, Human Research Protections, and Data Ethics for Researchers. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-3848-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-3848-3
Tilarso, D. P., Muadifah, A., Handaru, W., Pratiwi, P. I., & Khusna, M. L. (2021). Aktivitas Antibakteri Kombinasi Ekstrak Daun Sirih Dan Belimbing Wuluh Dengan Metode Hidroekstraksi. Chempublish Journal, 6(2), 63–74. https://doi.org/10.22437/chp.v6i2.21736
Trista hapsari, A., & Samodra, G. (2022). Formulasi Sediaan Salep Dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Daun Bidara Arab (Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus Epidermidis. Pharma Xplore Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, 7(2), 55–69. https://doi.org/10.36805/jpx.v7i2.2952 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36805/jpx.v7i2.2952
Van Delden, J. J. M., & Van Der Graaf, R. (2017). Revised CIOMS international ethical guidelines for health-related research involving humans. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association, 317(2), 135–136. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.18977 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.18977
Wahyuni, A. S., Rahmawati, F. A. F., Wijianto, D. W., & Umniyyah, R. A. (2024). Effectiveness and Safety of Use of Biguanide and Sulfonylurea Drugs With Histopathological Analysis and Parameters of the Kidney, Liver and Pancreas in Alloxan-Induced Rats. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 16(5), 108–113. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2024v16s5.52469 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2024v16s5.52469
Wahyuni, P. A., Nurdianti, L., & Gustaman, F. (2023). Formulation and Evaluation of Hydrogel Eye Patch Preparations for The Combination of Aciaticoside for Gotu Gotu (Centella asiatica L.) and Astaxanthin as Antiaging. In P. S. S. Farmasi (Ed.), Prosiding Seminar Nasional Diseminasi Penelitian (Vol. 3, Issue 1, pp. 2964–6154). Universitas Bakti Tunas Husada.
Wardani, V. K., & Saryanti, D. (2021). Formulasi Transdermal Patch Ekstrak Etanol Biji Pepaya ( Carica Papaya L .) Dengan Basis Hydroxypropil Metilcellulose ( HPMC ). 4(1), 38–44. https://doi.org/10.13057/smj.v4i1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.13057/smj.v4i1.43613
Yamamoto, R., Takasuga, S., Kominami, K., Sutoh, C., Kinoshita, M., Kanamura, K., & Takayama, K. (2015). Iontophoretic transdermal delivery of glycyrrhizin: Effects of pH, drug concentration, co-ions, current intensity, and chemical enhancers. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 61(12), 1275–1281. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.c13-00548 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.c13-00548
Yati, K., & Pamungkas, S. T. (2018). The Formulation of Carvedilol Transdermal Patch with Resin Gum as Rate Control. Pharmaciana, 8(1), 135–144. https://doi.org/10.12928/pharmaciana.v8i1.9308 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12928/pharmaciana.v8i1.9308
Zaffer, M., Ahmad, S., Sharma, R., Mahajan, S., Gupta, A., & Agnihotri, R. K. (2014). Antibacterial activity of bark extracts of Moringa oleifera Lam. against some selected bacteria. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 27(6), 1857–1862.
Zhao, X., Wang, J., Zhu, L., & Wang, J. (2019). Field-based evidence for enrichment of antibiotic resistance genes and mobile genetic elements in manure-amended vegetable soils. Science of the Total Environment, 654, 906–913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.446 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.446
