Dissolve 100 mg of the extract in ethanol, filter, add concentrated HCl and magnesium powder, and heat. A positive reaction is indicated by a red-orange to red color.

A total of 200 mg of the extract was boiled in distilled water, then filtered and shaken vigorously. The formation of foam indicated a positive result.

A total of 200 mg of the extract was dissolved in distilled water, filtered, and 0.1% FeCl₃ was added. A brownish-green or blackish-blue color indicates a positive result.

A total of 500 mg of extract was mixed with 96% ethanol and 1% FeCl₃. A positive reaction is indicated by a color change to green, blue, or red.

This is done by using the five senses to see the color of the extract, smell the smell, taste and consistency of the extract made.

The test is performed visually by applying the cream to a watch glass and observing it. If the color is even and there are no grains in the cream preparation, it is considered homogeneous.

It is an important parameter because a stable pH value of the cream indicates that the distribution process of the ingredients in the preparation is even.

Viscosity testing is performed to measure the thickness of a preparation. Viscosity is the property of a material's resistance to flow. The physical instrument commonly used to measure viscosity is a viscometer. Cream is placed into the viscometer at 30 rpm and the results are observed. A good viscosity value for a cream preparation is 2,000–50,000 cps.

A spreadability test is performed to ensure even distribution of the cream when applied to the skin. The greater the spreadability of a cream, the more effective the contact between the active ingredients and the skin’s absorptive cells. An ideal cream formulation typically exhibits a spreadability range of 5 to 7 cm.

The adhesion test is conducted to evaluate the duration the cream remains attached to the skin upon application. This property is crucial for ensuring that the cream maintains contact with the wound area long enough to deliver its therapeutic effects effectively. A good adhesion test for cream is between 2–300 seconds.

The physical stability test of the preparation was conducted using a cycling test. The sample was stored at 4°C for 24 hours and then at 40°C in an oven for 24 hours (1 cycle). The test was conducted in 3 cycles and physical changes were observed, including homogeneity, pH, spreadability, adhesion, and viscosity.

Based on Table 4. Results of organoleptic Observations indicated that all cream formulations possessed a semi-solid texture, were non-sticky upon application, and remained stable after the cycling test. All preparations showed homogeneous results with no granules present. The colored negative control formula (K-) is a cream without odor, but formulations F1 (5%), F2 (10%), and F3 (15%) exhibit a youthful chocolate hue and a characteristic perfume of yam extract.

Based on Table 5. It shows that all F1, F2, and F3 cream preparations showed homogeneous results with no granules in the cream preparation, whereas if the cream preparation was not homogeneous, it was said that the cream preparation was not good. A homogeneous preparation is characterized by all particles being evenly dispersed and there being no clumping when observed (Artanti & Azzahra, 2022) .

Based on table 6. Shows the results of the pH of all preparations before and after the cycling test remained within the safe range (4.5–8), ensuring they do not cause skin irritation. Although there was a decline in viscosity after the cycling test, the values remained within the standard range of 2,000–50,000 cPs. This decline is likely caused by a reduction in the binding capacity of the thickener due to high-temperature exposure and prolonged storage. The decrease in pH in some formulas is thought to be due to degradation of compounds in the cream base, while the increase in F3 may be caused by an oxidation reaction (Zam Zam & Musdalifah, 2022).

Based on table 7. Shows the results of the value viscosity beginning in range standard (2,000–50,000 cPs), namely K(–) with value 9,060 cPs , F1 with value of 6,890 cPs , F2 with value of 7,819 cPs , and F3 with value of 8,320 cPs . After cycling test , occurred decline viscosity : K( –) becomes 2,220 cPs , F1 becomes 3,700 cPs , F2 becomes 4,520 cPs , and F3 becomes 2,279 cPs. Decline This allegedly caused by a decrease material binding capacity thickener consequence exposure temperature height and long storage time , which causes consistency stock become more liquid.

Based on table 8. Shows the power spread beginning in range 5.9–6.0 cm, and decreasing to 5.4–5.5 cm after cycling test . An average decrease of 0.5 cm occurred in a way consistent across all formulas, including K( –), F1, F2, and F3. Decline Power spread caused by changes temperature during storage that affects viscosity cream (Lumentut et al., 2020) .

Based on Table 9. Shows the power good adhesion and still​ is at in the appropriate range , namely 2–300 seconds . Before cycling test , power sticky K( –) is 6.97 seconds, F 1 6.95 seconds , F2 2.47 seconds , F3 2.70 seconds . After cycling test , occurred A little decrease in K( –) to 4.09 seconds , F1 2.47 seconds , F2 2.63 seconds , and F3 2.49 seconds .Decline Power sticky caused by changes structure stock consequence influence temperature and time storage (Tari & Indriani, 2023).

Based on Table 10, all experimental animals showed hyperglycemic conditions after alloxan induction, with blood glucose levels exceeding 200 mg/dL. The blood glucose levels are presented as Mean ± SD to improve statistical clarity and scientific readability. The results

confirmed that the diabetic animal model was successfully established and suitable for wound healing evaluation. This condition indicates that the diabetic animal model has been successfully established for wound healing studies.

Based on Table 11, the results of wound length observations were recorded on days 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12. In general, all groups showed a decrease in wound length over time. Based on the results presented as mean ± SD, all treatment groups demonstrated a progressive reduction in wound length during the observation period. The F3 group showed the greatest reduction in wound length compared to the other treatment groups. On day 12, the F3 group exhibited a remaining wound length of 0.10 ± 0.09 cm, which was comparable to the positive control group. Statistical analysis using One-Way ANOVA showed significant differences between groups (p < 0.05).

The most significant decrease was observed in F2 and F3 compared to F1, indicating the effectiveness of Banggai yam extract in accelerating wound healing. The wound healing mechanism involves several complex phases, namely hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and maturation. The hemostatic phase occurs immediately after wound formation in the rats. Furthermore, the inflammatory phase is an important stage in the wound healing process and normally occurs from day 0 to day 3, during which inflammatory responses help initiate tissue repair (Sadsyam et al., 2025).

Based on Table 12, the percentage of wound closure was calculated based on the reduction in the initial and final wound length. The percentage of wound healing increased progressively in all groups during the observation period. On day 12, the F3 group showed the highest percentage of wound closure among the treatment groups, reaching 90.00 ± 8.72%, while the positive control group achieved complete wound closure (100%). Statistical analysis indicated significant differences among groups (p < 0.05), particularly between the F3 group and the negative control group (Lestari et al., 2025).

In general, the F3 group showed the highest percentage of wound closure, followed by F2 and F1. Statistical tests also demonstrated significant differences between groups, especially between the F2 and F3 groups compared to the K(-) and F1 groups, confirming the potential of Banggai yam extract in accelerating the healing process of diabetic wounds.