The development of digital technology has revolutionized the healthcare sector significantly, especially in the patient education and medical service models. Digital literacy is now an important foundation in the transformation towards a patientcentered care system, which places patients as active partners in medical decisionmaking. Digital literacy allows patients to access health information, understand diagnoses, and engage in chronic disease management through digital apps and platforms [21] .

The implementation of telemedicine and e-health has expanded access to health services, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Technologies such as video calls, mobile apps, and remote monitoring provide convenience for patients in remote areas and people with chronic diseases who require regular monitoring [22] . In addition to providing convenience and efficiency, the use of this technology also increases the effectiveness of patient education, such as in diabetics who successfully utilize digital media for self-education [23] .

However, major challenges still arise in the form of the digital divide, which hinders equitable access to digital health services. Older people, patients from ethnic minorities, or those with low education often do not have adequate access to devices or digital literacy [24]. Similar studies have shown that the success rate of teleconsultation increases significantly if patients are accompanied by younger family members and have digital proficiency [25].

Inclusive solutions to address this gap include digital literacy training, device subsidies and internet connectivity, and system design that considers vulnerable groups. This strategy is reinforced by the findings that increasing digital literacy has a direct impact on reducing inequality in access to health services and improving the quality of life of marginalized communities [26] . Digital literacy not only supports the transformation of health services to be more effective and efficient, but also a means to create equal access for all sections of society. The fulfillment of the right to health now depends heavily on the ability and opportunities of the community to use digital technology critically and ethically.

The integration of digital technology in medical education is increasingly becoming an essential necessity to prepare medical personnel to face the challenges of the 21st century. One significant form of strengthening digital literacy is through the development of e-learning, the use of virtual reality (VR) simulations, and the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in the medical curriculum. The digital learning model based on clinical simulations allows medical students to practice in a safe and realistic environment without harming real patients.

AI also plays the role of an educational partner by providing adaptive and personalized learning, where algorithms can adjust the material according to the abilities and needs of each individual. This improves clinical understanding and decision-making skills through realistic simulation of digital patient cases [27] . Virtual patients-interactive digital patients-have been shown to improve the clinical, empathy, and communication skills of medical students in taking anamnesis and diagnoses [28] .

In addition to the technical aspects, the use of VR allows for deeper experiential learning, with a three-dimensional environment that is close to the real world. These technologies not only increase engagement and motivation to learn, but also accelerate the process of acquiring clinical skills and encourage the development of better clinical reasoning through complex medical data-driven case scenarios. Gamification and AI-driven adaptive learning approaches also strengthen the interactive and fun learning process, proving effective in improving the learning outcomes of medical students.

However, the implementation of this technology must be accompanied by an evaluation of the effectiveness and readiness of educational institutions. Platforms such as medical tr. AI.ning has shown that the gradual integration of AI-based modules into the curriculum is able to improve the learning experience while providing continuous evaluation of student competencies. The research also emphasizes the need for lecturer training, adequate digital infrastructure, and ethically based curriculum design for the use of technology to ensure safe and effective adoption. Overall, strengthening digital literacy through medical education not only prepares students in the technical aspects of digital medicine, but also shapes them into adaptive, collaborative, and ethical medical personnel in future clinical practice.

The development of digital technology has changed the way people access and understand nutritional information. Access to nutrition information resources is now highly dependent on digital literacy, especially in evaluating the accuracy and credibility of content available online. Studies show that older age groups face significant challenges in accessing nutrition information through telehealth due to the limitations of digital literacy, thus demanding targeted interventions.

In addition, technologies such as AI and wearable devices are increasingly being adopted to provide personalized nutrition recommendations based on individual biometric and genetic data. AI-based platforms are now being used to monitor food intake, metabolism, and even recommend diets based on microbiome and lifestyle profiles. Wearable devices also play an important role in collecting data in real time that can be used to personalize nutrition interventions [29] .

Digital literacy plays an important role in empowering people to make the right nutrition decisions. Individuals with high digital literacy tend to have greater confidence in choosing and practicing nutritional information, and are more active in using nutrition apps and online services. Therefore, increasing digital literacy is a priority agenda in technology-based nutrition education strategies.

The globalization of healthcare services has driven the growth of medical tourism, where patients seek medical services across countries. In this context, digital literacy is a key tool in helping patients understand international medical options, compare service quality, and make decisions based on online data and information. Digital health literacy plays a role in navigating complex and often different information from the domestic healthcare system [30] .

Digital platforms such as pre-operative portals, online consultation services, and teleconferencing play an important role in the pre- and post-medical procedure phases. Through telehealth, international patients can receive follow-up care, access medical records, and communicate with a specialist without having to travel again. This has been shown to reduce costs and improve the convenience and continuity of post-surgical health monitoring [31]. However, the main challenge remains on equitable access to technology and the digital divide between countries. Developing countries still face infrastructure barriers and low digital literacy that hinder telehealth optimization in the context of medical tourism. Therefore, strengthening global digital literacy is a strategic step to ensure equitable access to cross-border health services.

Digital literacy today is not only a technical tool, but also a major foundation in various sectors that affect the welfare of the global community. From a digital economy perspective, digital literacy plays a crucial role in shaping entrepreneurial attitudes and intentions, especially among students and small business actors. Research shows that a strong digital understanding improves entrepreneurial competence and online business success [32] , even driving the transformation of entrepreneurship education that integrates artificial intelligence (AI) to create more adaptive and innovative business people [33] .

In the field of biomedical sciences, bioinformatics has evolved into an interdisciplinary discipline that brings together big data, AI, and cloud computing. This enables massive genetic and molecular analysis that supports the development of precision therapies and new vaccines. The bioinformatics curriculum now emphasizes cross-field skills, from molecular biology to programming, all of which require mastery of advanced digital literacy to interpret data and run modern research software [34].

Technological advances have also revolutionized clinical practice, one of which is in vascular surgery. Robotic procedures and AI-based digital monitoring systems are now standard in many healthcare centers to improve the precision of procedures and patient safety. Virtual reality-based (VR)-based training also allows doctors to practice complex procedures in a realistic simulated environment. All of this requires the ability of medical personnel to process and evaluate digital data appropriately, making digital literacy a key competency in the modern medical world [34] .

In the field of obstetrics and women's health, digital literacy supports the use of fertility applications, pregnancy teleconsultation services, and online-based menstrual and contraceptive education. However, issues of ethics, data privacy, and access to technology are still major challenges, especially for vulnerable groups. Therefore, inclusive and gender-sensitive digital education is needed to ensure equity in access to reproductive health information [35] .

In the realm of sports, digital literacy paves the way for real-time tracking of athletes' performance through wearables and athletic big data. Predictive AI is used to detect injury risk and design personalized exercise programs. However, the inequality of access to technology among amateur athletes is a serious concern. Therefore, digital literacy training is an important requirement so that all athletes can make equal and optimal use of technology.

Interestingly, digital literacy also has a spiritual dimension. In Islamic education, technology has become a medium of da'wah and religious learning. Digital platforms allow people to access tafsir, hadith, and fiqh studies online. However, the use of this technology must also be balanced with ethical understanding. The concept of digital detox in Sufism encourages self-control from excessive exposure to digital media, emphasizing that digital literacy is not only about technical skills, but also the spiritual ability to respond to technology wisely. Thus, digital literacy has evolved from just the ability to use devices to an ecosystem of knowledge and values that touches almost all aspects of life: from economics and science, to spirituality and civilization.

In the midst of the rapid advancement of digital technology, the main challenge that arises is how to maintain a balance between innovation, ethics, and justice in its use. Digital ethics is an important spotlight, especially in the use of artificial intelligence, medical algorithms, and big data. Issues such as patient privacy, misuse of genetic data, and algorithmic bias demand digital literacy that is not only technical, but also reflective and ethical. In the healthcare and education sectors, concerns about data security and user identity protection are becoming increasingly urgent, especially amid the increasing integration of cloud computing and IoT devices. Therefore, strong regulations and data protection mechanisms are needed, accompanied by strengthening public awareness of their digital rights [26], [36], [37].

In addition to ethical and security aspects, global digital inequality (digital divide) is also a major challenge [38] . Access to technology and digital literacy is not evenly distributed, especially in developing countries, remote areas, or marginalized communities [39] . Global digital justice requires not only the distribution of devices, but also the development of an inclusive and contextual digital literacy curriculum, which takes into account cultural diversity, abilities, and local needs. Digital literacy in this context is not only an additional knowledge, but a basic competency for the 21st century-as important as reading, writing, and arithmetic skills.

Facing the future, digital literacy must be developed as a foundation for lifelong learning and social empowerment [40] . For this reason, multi-sector collaboration is needed: between the government, educational institutions, health institutions, the technology industry, and civil society. A flexible and adaptive global curriculum should be designed with cross-disciplinary actors and diverse interest groups, including vulnerable groups. This collaborative strategy not only strengthens individual capacity in the face of digital disruption, but also ensures that technological transformation proceeds fairly, ethically, and sustainably.