Islamophobia can be explained as an phobia or excessive fear of Islam or Muslims. Islamophobia is the name given to an anti-Islamic phenomenon that is often characterized by prejudice, such as accusations that Islam is a religion that threatens and endangers values in society [1], [2]. Islamophobia is now a subject of great concern as it is increasing at an alarming rate as well as suspicion of Muslims, fear of "radicalisation" within the country. In etymology, the term radical comes from the Latin "radix" or "radici" meaning root, source, or origin [3], [4].

When radicals are interpreted broadly it leads to aggressive values of fundamental things, principles, major problems, or essential things [5], [6]. Radicalization is the biggest problem that is much discussed by global political and civilizational discourse, as a result of which many Western lebels call radical, violent, and terrorism Islamic movements [7], [8], [9]. The accusations from Lebel swelled and became international rhetoric.

Accusations of radicalization against Muslims include "anti-Muslimism", leading to a cursory understanding that the allegations constitute ethical violations and are part of fraud. More seriously, false accusations include deliberate and malicious attempts to disrupt, harass, and threaten Muslims [10], [11].

Muslim women are a diverse group with a wide range of experiences and perspectives. Muslim women are a diverse group with a wide range of experiences and perspectives [12], [13], [14], [15], [16]. According to the search results, hijab is a garment worn by some Muslim women to cover their hair [17] . The term "hijab" means "cover" or "barrier" in Arabic. Hijab is often mistaken for a mandatory Islamic convention, but it is not one of the five pillars of Islam [18] . Hijab is a practice practiced by Muslim women who wear conservative clothing. The use of hijab in the United States is a garment and a statement of religious faith [19] . The use of hijab has been positioned as an attribute that represents religious observance or a form of bodily oppression [20] .

In Indonesia, hijabi women have faced accusations of Islamophobia and radicalism. These allegations have sparked debate about the role of the hijab in Indonesian society and the treatment of Muslim women who choose to wear it [21][22]. Some view the hijab as a symbol of oppression and radicalism, while others see it as a personal choice and a symbol of religious devotion [23][24][25], A number of studies have explored the issue of Islamophobia and the experiences of hijabi women in different contexts [26][27][28]. These studies highlight the complex social and cultural factors shaping attitudes towards hijab and Muslim women, and highlight the need for greater understanding and tolerance in diverse societies.

So far there has been no previous research that discusses allegations of Islamophobia and Radicalism against hijabi women in Indonesia, considering that it has not been found by previous researchers, it is necessary to conduct research related to this. The purpose of this study is to find out how the accusations of Islamophobia and Radicalism against Muslim Women wearing hijab in Indonesia in depth in the hope of spreading Islamic da'wah also understand that Islam is not radicalism and does not cause phobia in Muslims themselves.

According to Abdillah and Putri, in their research stated that Islamophobia has significantly damaged the harmonization of diversity in Indonesia as evidenced by the phenomenon of mutual disbelief between fellow Muslims and bigotry between Islamic groups in Indonesia [29]. Seniwati, stated that terrorism is all forms of harmful actions carried out in structured and group. The way to overcome terrorism according to Muslim women is to change the mindset that starts from oneself and family [30]. Indonesian Muslim expatriates in Portugal are very successful in overcoming Islamophobia, so they feel safe, comfortable, peaceful, relaxed and never experience unpleasant treatment, violence, harsh words, suspicion, accusations, discrimination, and Islam-phobia from the local population [31].

The hijab is the most important marker leading to discrimination; This discrimination takes many forms and affects different spheres of life and profiles of hijabers; Such discrimination leads to the segregation of the social space of hijabers; Many women are unwilling to report discrimination to government services for a variety of reasons. The findings were found by Lindemann, A through semi-structured interviews that interviewed experts about the attitudes of governments and non-governments describing discrimination against Muslim women wearing hijab in Switzerland [32].

Post-truth political practices have indirectly revived Islamophobic narratives in power contestations in contemporary Indonesia, these narratives are seen in at least three ways; First, it comes from the politation of religion and ethnicity which has a negative impact on the health of the process of power rotation, even weakening the reality of diversity as a plural nation in terms of religion and ethnicity. Second, it comes from propaganda, intimidation, lies, and hate speech that has become a sentiment against religious groups, such as the occurrence of Aksi Bela Islam 411 and Aksi Bela Islam 212. Third, the return of Islamophobic narratives due to post-truth politics is shown by the increase in clashes and practices of religious intolerance in Indonesia, where intolerance is carried out by the majority group against minority groups [33] .

In this study using a quantitative approach, a comprehensive bibliometric analysis method in the form of document analysis and networking. The information or data is obtained using the Boolean search engine to comb through the Scopus database between 1922 and 2023. The search was conducted on May 28, 2023. Researchers use R/R-Studio tools, VOSviewer and Microsoft Excel to analyze documents, citations, and networks.

The stages taken by researchers are as follows: The first stage, researchers will conduct a literature review on related themes to ensure relevant research is carried out on the topics of Islamophobia, Hijab, in Indonesian through Scopus. In addition, the literature review is useful for determining appropriate keywords and is considered to represent the scope of research.

In the second stage, at this stage researchers used the Boolean operators (TITLE-ABS-KEY (accusations AND of AND islamophobia) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY (radicalism AND against) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY (muslim AND hijab)) to search Scopus which resulted in 1.134 documents. Furthermore, filtering is done with theBoolean operators (LIMIT-TO (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English")) AND (LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, "ar")) to limit only English documents and articles as document types, resulting in 141 documents.

The third stage, analysis is carried out on the final document, search using Scopus analyzer and R-studio to find out the number of documents per year, documents by journal, author, affiliation, country, and subject / field. Then an analysis of the document network level was carried out by reading visualizations through VOSviewer and data management of Miscrosoft Excel. The detailed research procedure can be seen in Figure 1 below.

The results of this study data are to determine patterns in accusations of Islamophobia and Radicalism against Muslim women wearing hijab in Indonesia between 1922 and 2023. The analysis was conducted at five levels of broad bibliometric indicators, namely scientific production, author, country level, affiliation, source or journal. This bibliometric study provides many advantages at the beginning for analysts who want to know more and add insight into the accusations of Islamophobia and Radicalism against Muslim women wearing hijab in Indonesia. This research helps prospective researchers to gain new insights and trends in accusations of Islamophobia and Radicalism against Muslim women wearing hijab in Indonesia.

This research is limited to articles indexed in WoS data, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases. Future research should include databases and others to track subject growth. This biliometric analysis serves as a descriptive tool, revealing information about the most influential articles. Therefore, it is hoped that the author in the future can study more deeply and thoroughly related to allegations of Islamophobia and radicalism against Muslim women wearing hijab in Indonesia and application in the use of bibliometric studies and literature research studies so that it is easier to read and also include citation of documents from Google Scholar, WoS, Scopus, etc.

All authors would like to thank the editors and anonymous reviewers for their assistance in improving the quality of research documents.

All authors contributed equally to the main contributor to this paper, some are as chairman, member, financier, article translator, and final editor. All authors read and approved the final paper.

All authors declare no conflict of interest.