Ta'widh Penalties in Rahn Tasjily: Contractual Formalism and the Risk of Riba in Indonesian Religious Courts
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23917/jisel.v9i01.14307Keywords:
Islamic Law, Islamic Contract, Pacta Sunt Servanda, Riba Nasi'ah, Small Claims CourtAbstract
This study critically examines a systemic loophole in Indonesian Religious Courts where Western contractual formalism inadvertently legitimizes usury (riba) within Islamic economic disputes. Additionally, this study aims to propose a way out through Judicial Self-Assessment model for Indonesian Religious Courts. Employing doctrinal legal research, this study analyzes a recent Rahn Tasjily (fiduciary pawn) dispute to illustrate how judges, constrained by the procedural efficiency of the Small Claims Court (Gugatan Sederhana), rigidly apply the pacta sunt servanda doctrine. Consequently, they bypass their ex officio mandate to ensure substantive Sharia compliance. The core findings demonstrate that the judicially validated 4% daily penalty clause materially constitutes disguised Riba Nasi'ah rather than compensation for actual operational loss (Dharar al-Haqiqi). By calculating penalties proportionally to the principal debt and default duration, the court essentially sanctions the prohibited Time Value of Money. This approach facilitates risk-free capital accumulation for financial institutions and creates a systemic debt spiral for vulnerable micro-debtors. To resolve the tension between evidentiary challenges and the strict prohibition of usury, this research proposes a Judicial Self-Assessment model. By utilizing standardized court summon radius fees as an objective benchmark, judges can accurately quantify real loss. This mechanism empowers the application of the ex aequo et bono principle within strict Sharia corridors, effectively closing the judicial loophole that permits the legalization of riba.
Downloads
References
Abdullah, M. (2023). Islamic Finance, Ownership Risk and Right to Yield Gaps in Theory and Practice. Tujise: Turkish Journal of Islamic Economics, 10(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.26414/A3175
Aisyah, S., Dianita, A. C., Ismiyanti, I., Hasmiati, H., & Salmi, S. (2025). Application of Pacta Sunt Servanda Principle in District Court Decision. Leges Privatae. https://doi.org/10.62872/eh6j7589
Alam, M. R., Masykur, M. H., Chanifah, N., Law, F., & Brawijaya, U. (2026). Excessive Debt Collection by Cessionaries in Islamic Finance Disputes : Substantive Justice and Sharia Economic Law Analysis. International Journal of Educational Review, Law And Social Sciences (IJERLAS Journal), 5(6), 305–311. https://doi.org/10.54443/ijerlas.v5i6.4857
Alimin, A., & Fahlefi, R. (2020). Pelaksanaan Denda atas Nasabah Mampu Penunda Pembayaran Utang di Lembaga Keuangan Syariah. Tsaqafah, 16(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.21111/tsaqafah.v16i1.4006
Amalia, I. Q. A. (2018). Akibat Hukum Pembatalan Perjanjian Dalam Putusan Nomor 1572 K/Pdt/2015 Berdasarkan Pasal 1320 Dan 1338 Kuh Perdata. Jurnal Hukum Bisnis Bonum Commune, 1(1), 61. https://doi.org/10.30996/jhbbc.v0i0.1757
Ambarningsih, R., Nursobah, A., & Ma’rufi, A. (2024). Nalar Hikmah Dalam Fatwa Dsn-Mui Tentang Ganti Rugi (Ta’Widh). J-CEKI: Jurnal Cendekia Ilmiah, 4(1), 331–341. https://doi.org/10.56799/jceki.v4i1.5147
Ambarwati, D. (2022). Urgensi Pembaharuan Hukum Di Era“Metaverse” Dalam Perspektif Hukum Progresif. DIALEKTIKA: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Ilmu Sosial, 7(2), 151–167. https://doi.org/10.36636/dialektika.v7i2.1306
Apriliady, A. F., Eva Misfah Bayuni, & Yunus, M. (2020). Analisis Ta’widh terhadap Proses Penyelesaian Wanprestasi Barang Hilang di PT JNE Kota Bandung. Prosiding Hukum Ekonomi Syariah, 6(1), 49–52.
Aripah, I. (2023). Penerapan Asas Kepatutan dan Keadilan dalam Putusan Yurisprudensi Perdata. YUDHISTIRA : Jurnal Yurisprudensi, Hukum Dan Peradilan, 1(2), 70–77. https://doi.org/10.59966/yudhistira.v1i2.1671
Binti Zulkipli, Z. N. (2020). Late Payment Penalty: Ta’widh And Gharamah Imposed To Debtor From The Shariah Perspective. Yuridika, 35(1), 187. https://doi.org/10.20473/ydk.v35i1.15620
Chintya, A. (2023). Menerjemahkan Kemaslahatan Dalam Putusan (Studi Terhadap Putusan Verstek Ekonomi Syariah di Pengadilan Agama Sijunjung). JISRAH: Jurnal Integrasi Ilmu Syariah, 4(2), 263. https://doi.org/10.31958/jisrah.v4i2.8360
Damayanti, R., Khasanah, K., & Sa’adah, N. N. (2024). Konflik Norma dalam Kompilasi Hukum Ekonomi Syariah dan Fatwa Dewan Syariah Nasional Majelis Ulama Indonesia: Studi Akad Ijarah. Journal El Hisbah : Journal of Islamic Economic Law, 4(2), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.28918/elhisbah.v4i2.9227
Elsanti, E., Dewi, N. T., Rahmawati, P., Latif, R. A., & Hayati, S. (2025). Konsep Uang dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Islam dan Konvensional: Kajian Komparatif Berbasis Literatur. JEBI: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 3(4), 930–939. http://scioteca.caf.com/bitstream/handle/123456789/1091/RED2017-Eng-8ene.pdf?sequence=12&isAllowed=y%0Ahttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2008.06.005%0Ahttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/305320484_SISTEM_PEMBETUNGAN_TERPUSAT_STRATEGI_MELESTARI
Fadhil, M., Nurnasrina, Salman, N. F. B., & Huda, N. (2024). Peran Fatwa DSN-MUI Terhadap Kasus Wanprestasi Nasabah Pada Bisnis Syariah di Indonesia. Socius: Jurnal Penelitian Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial, 2(5), 265–271. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14587677
Fajar, D. A. (2021). Kajian Perbedaan Time Value Of Money Atau Economic Value Of Time Dalam Perspektif Syariah. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam, 7(3), 1435–1440. https://doi.org/10.29040/jiei.v7i3.2624
Fanisa, Y., & Hakim, A. L. (2024). Analysis of Compensation Practices in Hajj Arrum Products According to Fiqh Muamalah: Study on Banda Aceh Sharia Pawnshop. JURISTA: Jurnal Hukum Dan Keadilan, 8(1), 167–186.
Fizran, R., Ibrahim, M. A., & Manggala Wijayanti, I. (2023). Analisis Hukum terhadap Putusan Nomor 6234/Pdt.G/2020/ Pa. Badg Akibat Wanprestasi Nasabah pada Pembiayaan Murabahah. Bandung Conference Series: Sharia Economic Law, 3(1), 116–123. https://doi.org/10.29313/bcssel.v3i1.5348
Hadiyan Achfas, M., Korespondensi, P., Kunci, K., Perjanjian, P., & Perjanjian, P. (2024). Ulasan Singkat Tinjauan Yuridis Pendayagunaan Kekurangan Syarat Subyektif Dan Obyektif Dalam Pembatalan Perjanjian The Brief And The Juridical Review Of The Use Of The Lack Subjective And Objective Terms In The Cancellation Of Agreement Article Info Abstr. Jurnal Hukum Mimbar Justitia (JHMJ), 10(2), 2477–5681. https://doi.org/10.35194/jhmj.v10i2.4934
Hakim, M. H. A., Muslim, N. A., & Rosidah, A. (2025). Transformasi Asas Hukum Perjanjian Konvensional melalui Integrasi Nilai-Nilai Syariah. Jejak Digital: Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin, 1(4), 1465–1476. https://doi.org/10.63822/sprg8r44
Hasanah, S. F., Ja`far, A. K., & Fasa, M. I. (2021). Konstruksi Hukum Progresif: Urgensinya dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Ekonomi Syariah. Eksya: Jurnal Program Studi Ekonomi Syariah STAIN Madina, 2(2), 100–119. https://jurnal.stain-madina.ac.id/index.php/eksya/article/view/601
Hasibuan, S. R. M., & Ramadhita. (2022). Nilai Keadilan Sebagai Landasan Putusan Sengketa Wanprestasi: Studi Putusan Nomor 5/Ptd.Sus-BPSK/2017/PN. Lmj. Jurnal Suara Hukum, 4(2), 243–264. https://doi.org/10.26740/jsh.v4n2.p243-264
Hassan, M. D. H., Hamit, A. F. A., & Lai, A. A. L. M. F. (2026). Transparency in the Fine Print of BNPL vs EPP in Malaysia Context : Who Really Protects the Consumer ? ScienceOpen Preprints. https://doi.org/10.14293/PR2199.002771.v1
Hidayah, A. N., Attamimi, Z. F., Mukaromah, S., & Hapsari, I. (2023). Juridical Basis of Murabahah Bil Wakalah Contracts at Islamic Banks. Proceedings Series on Social Sciences & Humanities, 14, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.30595/pssh.v14i.907
Hutchinson, T. (2013). Doctrinal Research: Researching the Jury. In Research Methods in Law. Routledge.
Jamarudin, A., Anam, M. K., Pudin, O. C., Riau, U. I. N. S., Falah, S. N., & Bandung, S. A. (2022). Bahaya Riba dalam Ekonomi Islam Perspektif Al- Qur`an. Shidqia Nusantara: Jurnal Keuangan Dan Perbankan Syariah, 1(1), 12–28.
Kamali, M. H. (2008). Shari’ah Law: An Introduction. Oneworld Publications. http://books.google.com/books?id=tyHaHZcRLWEC&pgis=1
Long, T. K., Arwanto, B., & Rizki, F. (2025). Makna Sederhana dalam Peradilan Small Claim Court (Gugatan Sederhana). J-CEKI: Jurnal Cendekia Ilmiah, 4(4), 905–914.
Lubis, F., Rangkuti, N. A., Moniq, A. S., Agatra, S., Isnaini, W., & Nazla, F. (2025). Analisis Penerapan Asas Ius Curia Novit Dalam Putusan Perkara Perdata. Bureaucracy Journal: Indonesia Journal of Law and Social-Political Governance, 5(2), 2025. https://doi.org/10.53363/bureau.v5i2.600
Madjid, S. S., Amri, U., Nurwahidin, P., Nurmi, & Fayziev, S. (2026). The Jurisdiction Of The Religious Courts Over Islamic Banking Disputes In Indonesia. J-HES: Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah Volume, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.26618/n7c5qe14
Maghfiroh, R. U. (2019). Konsep Nilai Waktu dari Uang dalam Sudut Pandang Ekonomi Islam. EL-Qist, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.23969/litigasi.v20i2
Majeed, N., Hilal, A., & Khan, A. N. (2023). Doctrinal Research in Law: Meaning, Scope and Methodology. Bulletin of Business and Economics, 12(4), 135–142. https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00167
Makraja, F., & Suip, M. N. I. bin. (2026). Analisis Prinsip Sharia Compliance Terhadap Implementasi Akad Murabahah Di Perbankan Syariah Indonesia. Sociale: Journal of Social Science, 1(1), 9–19. https://e-journal.malita.or.id/index.php/sociale/article/view/5
Malye, T. K., & Rahdiansyah, R. (2020). Kewenangan Hakim Dalam Mengubah Klausul Kontrak Yang Dibuat Atau Dilaksanakan Dengan Itikad Buruk. UIR Law Review, 4(1), 9–13. https://doi.org/10.25299/uirlrev.2020.vol4(1).4132
Marzuki, P. M. (2017). Penelitian Hukum (Edisi Revi). Kencana.
Masrukhin, M., & Damayanti, M. (2020). Hukum Progresif Penanganan Hak Nafkah Anak dalam Kasus Perceraian di Pengadilan Agama (Studi di Pengadilan Agama Karesidenan Surakarta). Al-Ahkam Jurnal Ilmu Syari’ah Dan Hukum, 5(1), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.22515/al-ahkam.v5i1.1794
Muhajirin. (2019). AL-GHARÂMAH AL-MÂLIYAH: Case Study of the Imposition of Fines in the Case of Delay in Payment of Debt Contracts. Al-Mashlahah Jurnal Hukum Islam Dan Pranata Sosial Islam, 7(2).
Muhammad Khoiru Sa’i, & Zaidah Nur Rosidah. (2024). Kedudukan Fatwa Dsn Mui Dalam Penyelesaian Sengketa Ekonomi Syariah Di Peradilan Agama (Studi Putusan Nomor: 386/Pdt.G/2021/Pa.Yk). Tafaqquh: Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah Dan Ahwal Syahsiyah, 7(2), 50–61. https://doi.org/10.70032/wjkram37
Muhyiddin, M. (2023). Divorce Due To Wife Nusyuz ( Analysis of Decision Number 286 / Pdt . G / 2022 / Pa . Brb ). IJIJEL Indonesian Journal of Islamic Jurisprudence Economic and Legal Theory, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.62976/ijijel.v1i3.65
Naasihah, A., Chandraningtyas, Sekar, A., Hartono, R., & Fatimatuzzahra. (2025). Ekonomi Islam Versus Sistem Bunga: Membedah Praktik Anti Riba dalam Keuangan Syariah Modern. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Manajemen Bisnis Dan Akuntansi, 2(4), 143–155. https://doi.org/10.61722/jemba.v2i4.1109
Nasir, L. A., & Wasilah, W. (2018). Penghapusan Kebijakan Denda Keterlambatan pada Pembiayaan Bermasalah PT Bank BNI Syariah. Indonesian Journal of Accounting and Governance, 2(2), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.36766/ijag.v2i2.25
Nazaruddin. (2023). Siyasah Wa Qanuniyah Kompetensi Mahkamah Syari’Ah Dalam Menangani Perkara Ekonomi Syari’Ah. Siyasah Qanuniyah, 1(1), 49–61. https://doi.org/10.61842/swq/v1i1.2
Ngabas, I., Muhajir, M., & Nursobah, A. (2025). Batasan Maslahah Fatwa Dsn-Mui tentang Ganti Rugi (Ta’Widh) : Pendekatan Batasan Maslahah Pemikiran Said Ramadhan Al-Buthi). J-CEKI : Jurnal Cendekia Ilmiah, 4(3), 930–946. https://doi.org/10.56799/jceki.v4i3.8555
Nirawati, L., Samsudin, A., Clarinta, L. K., Setiawan, A. T., Ahmad, H., Hasan, M. T., Bastian, R., & Suci, D. W. (2022). Analisis Konsep Time Value Of Money Pandangan Kajian Ekonomi Islam Mengenai Pinjaman Uang Pada Bank Konvesional. Journal Manajemen Dan Bisnis, 5(1), 60–68. https://doi.org/10.37673/jmb.v5i1.1619
Pardiansyah, E. (2022). Konsep Riba Dalam Fiqih Muamalah Maliyyah Dan Praktiknya Dalam Bisnis Kontemporer. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam, 8(2), 1270–1285.
Prihatin, K. S., & Asmuni. (2025). Maqashid Syariah Perspective: Implementation of Ta’widh and Ta’zir in Islamic Banking in the View of the Fatwa of the Indonesian Ulema Council. Pena Justisia: Media Komunikasi Dan Kajian Hukum, 24(1), 1171–1183. https://doi.org/10.31941/pj.v24i1.5922
Puspitasari, D., Arzaqi, N., & Hasanah, L. N. (2025). TRANSFORMASI AKSIOLOGIS HUKUM SERTA RELEVANSINYA TERHADAP REFORMASI HUKUM ISLAM DI INDONESIA Pendahuluan Reformasi hukum di Indonesia berlangsung dalam dinamika sosial- politik yang kompleks , di tengah pluralitas budaya , agama , dan sistem hukum . Salah. Jurnal Al Ashriyyah, 11(01). https://doi.org/10.53038/alashriyyah.v11i1.243
Rachmah, A. D. N., Jamilah, C. R., Putri, I. H., & Rosadi, S. G. (2023). Positivisme Dan Implikasinya Terhadap Ilmu Dan Penegakan Hukum. Das Sollen: Jurnal Kajian Kontemporer Hukum Dan Masyarakat, 2(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.15294/islrev.v2i1.36187
Radja Haehta Sembada, Iqbal Taufik Maulana, Deden Faldi Ramadan, Adi Permadi, Deni Kamaludin Yusup, & Tatang Astarudin. (2025). Penyelesaian Sengketa Ganti Rugi dalam Pembiayaan Menurut Hukum Perdata Konvensional dan Hukum Islam. JIMU:Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisipliner, 3(03), 1964–1977. https://doi.org/10.70294/jimu.v3i03.974
Rahmatillah, N. A. (2025). Penemuan Hukum Hakim Pengadilan Agama: Upaya Hukum yang Berkeadilan. Lex Mandiri: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 2(1), 167–186. https://doi.org/10.22373/jurista.v8i1.110
Rahmawati, Juhriaty, & Jufrin. (2025). Implementasi Ta’widh dan Ta’zir dalam Perbankan Syariah Perspektif Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia. Maqasid: Jurnal Studi Hukum Islam, 14(1), 65–69. https://doi.org/10.30651/mqs.v14i1.25898
Satria, M. A., Ahmadi, F., & Syariah, K. K. (2020). Analisis Hukum Islam Terhadap Penerapan Ta`widh (Ganti Rugi) pada Pembiayaan Kartu Kredit Syariah. Jurnal Wasatiyah, 1(1), 49–61. https://jurnal.iim-jambi.ac.id/index.php/Wasatiyah/article/view/49
Sianturi, S. P. H., Marzuqi, M. C., Triadi, I., & Setyawan, F. Y. (2025). Penemuan Hukum Dilakukan oleh Hakim dalam Perspektif Hukum Progresif. Jurnal Analisis Hukum Dan Kebijakan, 6(4), 403–419. https://ejurnals.com/ojs/index.php/jahk/article/view/4174
Siregar, K. M., Gunawan, H., & Siregar, A. H. (2025). THE PARADOX OF LAW ENFORCEMENT ON EXONERATION CLAUSES IN INDONESIA : A Critical Analysis of Mawardi ’ s Fiqh Siyasah and Strict Liability Principle. Madania: Jurnal Kajian Keislaman, 29(2). https://doi.org/10.29300/madania.v29i2.9544
Stępień, M. (2020). Using Case Studies for Research on Judicial Opinions. Some Preliminary Insights. Law and Method, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.5553/rem/.000045
Syaifullah, H. (2021). Ta’widh dan Ta’zir Persepektif Mufassir Klasik dan Implementasinya di Bank Syariah. MALIA: Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance, 5(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.21043/malia.v5i1.10196
Tania, N., Novienco, J., & Sanjaya, D. (2021). Kajian Teori Hukum Progresif Terhadap Implementasi Produk Tabungan Perumahan Rakyat. Perspektif: Kajian Masalah Hukum Dan Pembangunan, 26(2), 73–87. https://doi.org/10.30742/perspektif.v26i2.800
Tjoneng, A., Basani, C. S., & Sintia, V. (2020). Implementation Law Issues Of Supreme Court Regulation No. 4 Of 2019 About Perma Revision No. 2 Of 2015 About Small Calim Court Resolution Procedures And Its Settlement Efforts. Veteran Law Review, 3(2), 74–88. https://doi.org/10.35586/velrev.v3i2.2110
Wibowo, R. A., Ardiyan, F., & Triadi, I. (2025). Metode Pendekatan Hukum Filosofis Terkait Bentuk Penyelesaian Sengketa Ekonomi Syariah. Netizen: Journal of Society and Bussiness, 2(1). https://languar.net/index.php/NETIZEN/article/view/522
Downloads
Submitted
Accepted
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Islamic Economic Laws
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
