To identify relevant articles, a combination of keywords was formulated to focus on the research questions. The keywords used included "mindful parenting" AND "Indonesia" OR "pengasuhan berkesadaran" AND "Indonesia," OR "mindfulness dalam pengasuhan" AND "Indonesia", and "manfaat mindful parenting" AND "Indonesia". The literature search was conducted on Portal Garuda, SINTA, DOAJ, Google Scholar, and Semantic Scholar. Inclusion criteria comprised research articles published within the last ten years (2015-2024), written in English or Indonesian, focusing on psychology, full-text availability, and discussing mindful parenting and its application in Indonesia.

The data extracted from the articles included the article title, publication year, journal name, sample size, methods used, research design, and findings. Articles were only included if their titles and content explicitly addressed the implementation of mindful parenting by parents in Indonesia to minimize bias in the data selected for analysis. No restrictions were placed on participant characteristics or demographic data. The data were analyzed using descriptive narrative analysis. This review was conducted to answer the research questions.

An initial search across three databases identified 123 articles. After removing duplicates and those not meeting the study's criteria, 88 articles were excluded. The remaining 35 articles underwent further screening, focusing on the review's objectives, with titles and abstracts reviewed, excluding 11 additional articles. Finally, after filtering the articles based on their relevance to the research objectives, 16 articles were selected for full review (Figure 1).

The scoping review identified participants involved in the research. Those participants were mothers or parents with children aged 2-18 who exhibited various characteristics, including gender, parental age, occupation, and the presence of children with special needs.

In this scoping review, 16 journal articles were categorized into four characteristics: 1) the implementation of mindful parenting [6 articles]; 2) the effects of mindful parenting [11 articles]; 3) mindful parenting related to parenting children with special needs [13 articles]; and 4) the relationship between mindful parenting and other variables in various contexts [6 articles]. It is important to note that an article may contain more than one characteristic.

Based on the 16 selected articles, a data charting process was conducted to extract key points from each article, as shown in Table 1. This study was to analyze empirical research on the implementation of mindful parenting in Indonesia using a scoping review approach. After conducting a comprehensive literature search across multiple journal databases, 16 articles were identified following PRISMA guidelines. These comprised 14 quantitative studies and two qualitative ones. From mapping the scoping review, several key findings were identified, which are discussed below.

Several Indonesian researchers have introduced mindful parenting intervention programs for parents of children with special needs. The results indicate that these interventions significantly reduce parental anxiety. For instance, (Sari, 2021) discovered a notable decrease in anxiety levels before and after the implementation of the mindful parenting program. Similarly, (Fadhila, 2023) reported that mindful parenting helped ease parents' concerns about the future of their children with special needs. These outcomes are consistent with the findings of (Leyland et al., 2023), who conducted a longitudinal study on mothers in the perinatal period and found that mindfulness practices significantly reduced anxiety levels.

Research has shown that implementing a mindful parenting program for parents of children with disabilities can significantly reduce parental stress, especially for single mothers of children with multiple disabilities. However, this stress reduction tends to be temporary (Nurhamidah & Retnowati, 2018) and is also seen in mothers of children with intellectual disabilities (Alfianti, 2018). Mindful parenting has also effectively relieved stress among working mothers with children in middle childhood (Gani & Kumalasari, 2019)(Srifianti et al., 2022). Studies on parents of children with disabilities and toddlers consistently identify parental stress as a common issue, often due to the child's condition, characteristics, parental capabilities, and lack of social support (Cachia et al., 2016)(Johnson et al., 2011)(Sari & Sulistiyaningsih, 2023). This stress reduction is frequently observed in mindfulness research, particularly among those vulnerable to stress; for example, experimental studies show that mindfulness programs can significantly lower stress levels in adolescents (Johnstone et al., 2016).

Mindful parenting programs for parents of children with disabilities have also been shown to reduce psychological burden by 63% among mothers of children with Cerebral Palsy (Hardika & Widiawati, 2021). Additional studies indicate that mindful parenting positively impacts the subjective well-being of parents with autistic children (Auliyana et al., 2022) and boosts self-esteem (Kristiyani, 2022). Reducing psychological burdens and enhancing self-esteem and well-being are crucial for optimizing child development, which can be fostered through a close parent-child relationship, particularly between mothers and their children. The finding aligns with research showing that mindfulness skills in mothers of infants promote greater affective sensitivity and effective control during caregiving, enhancing maternal-infant attachment (Hoyo-Bilbao & Orue, 2024). Other studies have demonstrated that mindfulness can improve full awareness and focus in task execution, leading to better outcomes (Müller et al., 2021). The finding includes its application among parents during caregiving, fostering confidence and self-worth in their caregiver roles (Trecca et al., 2022).

Mindful parenting influences parenting styles. Studies have demonstrated that mindful parenting is positively associated with an authoritative parenting style, negatively associated with an authoritarian style, and shows no correlation with a permissive style (Febriani et al., 2019). According to (Baumrind, 1971), the authoritative parenting style is ideal. Research indicates that mindful parenting enhances parents' awareness, enabling them to provide optimal care for their children through an authoritative approach (Saraswati & Febriani, 2018). (Darling, 2014) elaborates that the parenting style practiced by parents has a profound impact on the child and family, particularly in terms of the parent-child relationship (Moreira et al., 2018)), the optimization of child development, and teenage identity formation (Muttaqin et al., 2022), and the psychological well-being of family members (Desiningrum & Kurniawati, 2023).

The positive effects of mindful parenting on positive parenting styles are further colaborated by findings that suggest mindful parenting can improve parents' cognitive abilities (Febriani et al., 2019)(Fitroh et al., 2022). In a community service program, mindful parenting training was provided to mothers, resulting in increased knowledge about mindful parenting. Considering the extensive literature highlighting the benefits of mindful parenting for parents, children, and families, it is important to disseminate mindful parenting training across various regions. It has been observed that parents often lack awareness of their need for mindful parenting to support their child's development (Quinn, 2017).

Mindful parenting, developed by scientists, has shown significant benefits for child development and family well-being. Various theorists have identified several key aspects of mindful parenting, including: 1) Listening attentively; 2) Non-judgmental acceptance of self and child; 3) Awareness of self and child's emotions; 4) Self-regulation in the parenting relationship; and 5) Compassion for self and child (Duncan et al., 2009). Additionally, a study on the implementation of mindful parenting among dual-career mothers identified two critical dimensions: being mindfully present during interactions with the child and disciplining the child according to mindfulness principles (Sari et al., 2023).

The application of mindful parenting not only shapes a child's personal qualities by fostering independence (Khairina, 2023) and moral behavior (Arifin & Yanti, 2022)) through an awareness-based rather than strict disciplinary approach, but it also enhances the role of fathers in the family. This approach-recognizing a child's presence, capacities, and competencies-leads to more relevant discipline, reflecting the principle of accepting the child's state without judgment (Duncan et al., 2009). Moreover, mindful parenting has been linked to increased paternal involvement (Fajriati & Kumalasari, 2021), which, along with the crucial role of fathers as primary caregivers (Darling, 2014) who help shape the child's personality and disciplined mental attitudes (Flouri, 2005)(Garfield et al., 2014), reinforces its significance in promoting holistic child development.

Mindful parenting influences parenting styles. Studies have demonstrated that mindful parenting is positively associated with an authoritative parenting style, negatively associated with an authoritarian style, and shows no correlation with a permissive style (Febriani et al., 2019). According to (Baumrind, 1971), the authoritative parenting style is ideal. Research indicates that mindful parenting enhances parents' awareness, enabling them to provide optimal care for their children through an authoritative approach (Saraswati & Febriani, 2018). (Darling, 2014) elaborates that the parenting style practiced by parents has a profound impact on the child and family, particularly in terms of the parent-child relationship (Moreira et al., 2018), the optimization of child development, and teenage identity formation (Muttaqin et al., 2022), and the psychological well-being of family members (Desiningrum & Kurniawati, 2023).

The positive effects of mindful parenting on positive parenting styles are further corroborated by findings that suggest mindful parenting can improve parents' cognitive abilities ((Febriani et al., 2019); (Fitroh et al., 2022)). In a community service program, mindful parenting training was provided to mothers, resulting in increased knowledge about mindful parenting. Considering the extensive literature highlighting the benefits of mindful parenting for parents, children, and families, it is important to disseminate mindful parenting training across various regions. It has been observed that parents often lack awareness of their need for mindful parenting to support their child's development (Quinn, 2017).

The concept of mindful parenting used by several researchers in this literature review incorporates not only (Duncan et al., 2009) theory but also other models that outline various stages. These stages include: 1) becoming aware of mindful parenting practices; 2) observing and fostering a closer connection with the child; 3) recognizing bodily sensations and stress responses while parenting; 4) reflecting on the parenting responses; 5) acknowledging parent-child conflicts; and 6) balancing compassion and setting boundaries (Pakdaman, 2014). Moreover, tools such as the Dutch version of the Interpersonal Mindful in Parenting Scale (IM-P) (Bruin et al., 2014) and the Mindfulness in Parenting Questionnaire (MIPQ) (McCaffrey et al., 2017) have been applied in research.

This scoping review focuses on implementing mindful parenting in Indonesia and its impacts by summarizing insights from articles published in various journals, conference proceedings, and student theses. Future research could expand this review by conducting a more systematic study, including more specific methods and detailed subject characteristics, to provide better information for this field and enhance the practical application of mindful parenting in subsequent studies.

The findings of the scoping review literature study show the importance of implementing mindful parenting for families with toddlers or families with specific characteristics, such as having children with special needs, single parents, or families with certain cultural variations, can still improve family welfare, parental self-esteem, and optimal child growth and development. Therefore, the implications of these findings can be developed by other scientists to create mindful parenting-based interventions. They can also be recommended to government agencies such as National Population and Family Planning Agency (BKKBN) to develop intervention programs and apply them to various regions in Indonesia.