Accusations of Islamophobia and Radicalism Against Muslim Women in Hijab in Indonesia: A Bibliometric Analysis

: This study aims to determine the mapping of the development and direction of research on allegations of Islamophobia and Radicalism against Muslim Women wearing hijab in Indonesia using articles indexed by Google Schoolar, WoS, and Scopus databases. This study uses a quantitative approach of bibliometric analysis method to explore all publications indexed in the Scopus database regarding allegations of Islamophobia and radicalism against Muslim women wearing hijab in Indonesia from 2008 to 2023. Data obtained and analyzed using Excel and R/R-Studio. VOSviewer is used to perform visual analysis of keyword occurrence and document citations in a stimulating manner. Researchers found 74 publications that fit the function, subject, and criteria set. The results of this study show an annual growth rate. The papers are analyzed in terms of publications by field of science, the number of studies published annually. The bibliometric analysis performed was limited to Scopus data. Other national and international databases were not taken into account in the study. The limitation of this study is only taking data sets or meta data in publications indexed by Scopus. This study presents a brief overview of the literature accessible to researchers working in the field of Accusations of Islamophobia and Radicalism against Muslim Women and provides recommendations for future research.


INTRODUCTION
Islamophobia can be explained as an phobia or excessive fear of Islam or Muslims.Islamophobia is the name given to an anti-Islamic phenomenon that is often characterized by prejudice, such as accusations that Islam is a religion that threatens and endangers values in society [1], [2].Islamophobia is now a subject of great concern as it is increasing at an alarming rate as well as suspicion of Muslims, fear of "radicalisation" within the country.In etymology, the term radical comes from the Latin "radix" or "radici" meaning root, source, or origin [3], [4].
Accusations of radicalization against Muslims include "anti-Muslimism", leading to a cursory understanding that the allegations constitute ethical violations and are part of fraud.More seriously, false accusations include deliberate and malicious attempts to disrupt, harass, and threaten Muslims [10], [11].
Muslim women are a diverse group with a wide range of experiences and perspectives.Muslim women are a diverse group with a wide range of experiences and perspectives [12]- [16].According to the search results, hijab is a garment worn by some Muslim women to cover their hair [17].The term "hijab" means "cover" or "barrier" in Arabic.Hijab is often mistaken for a mandatory Islamic convention, but it is not one of the five pillars of Islam [18].Hijab is a practice practiced by Muslim women who wear conservative clothing.The use of hijab in the United States is a garment and a statement of religious faith [19].The use of hijab has been positioned as an attribute that represents religious observance or a form of bodily oppression [20].
In Indonesia, hijabi women have faced accusations of Islamophobia and radicalism.These allegations have sparked debate about the role of the hijab in Indonesian society and the treatment of Muslim women who choose to wear it [21], [22].Some view the hijab as a symbol of oppression and radicalism, while others see it as a personal choice and a symbol of religious devotion [23]- [25] A number of studies have explored the issue of Islamophobia and the experiences of hijabi women in different contexts [26]- [28].
These studies highlight the complex social and cultural factors shaping attitudes towards hijab and Muslim women, and highlight the need for greater understanding and tolerance in diverse societies.
So far there has been no previous research that discusses allegations of Islamophobia and Radicalism against hijabi women in Indonesia, considering that it has not been found by previous researchers, it is necessary to conduct research related to this.The purpose of this study is to find out how the accusations of Islamophobia and Radicalism against Muslim Women wearing hijab in Indonesia in depth in the hope of spreading Islamic da'wah also understand that Islam is not radicalism and does not cause phobia in Muslims themselves.

LITERATURE REVIEW
According to Abdillah and Putri, in their research stated that Islamophobia has significantly damaged the harmonization of diversity in Indonesia as evidenced by the phenomenon of mutual disbelief between fellow Muslims and bigotry between Islamic groups in Indonesia [29].
Seniwati, stated that terrorism is all forms of harmful actions carried out in structured and group.The way to overcome terrorism according to Muslim women is to change the mindset that starts from oneself and family [30].
Indonesian Muslim expatriates in Portugal are very successful in overcoming Islamophobia, so they feel safe, comfortable, peaceful, relaxed and never experience unpleasant treatment, violence, harsh words, suspicion, accusations, discrimination, and Islam-phobia from the local population [31].

METHODOLOGY
In this study using a quantitative approach, a comprehensive bibliometric analysis method in the form of document analysis and networking.The information or data is obtained using the Boolean search engine to comb through the Scopus database between 1922 and 2023.The search was conducted on May 28, 2023.Researchers use R/R-Studio tools, VOSviewer and Microsoft Excel to analyze documents, citations, and networks.
The stages taken by researchers are as follows: The first stage, researchers will conduct a literature review on related themes to ensure relevant research is carried out on the topics of Islamophobia, Hijab, in Indonesian through Scopus.In addition, the literature review is useful for determining appropriate keywords and is considered to represent the scope of research.
In the second stage, at this stage researchers used the Boolean operators (TITLE-ABS-KEY (accusations AND of AND islamophobia) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY (radicalism AND against) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY (muslim AND hijab)) to search Scopus which resulted in 1.134 documents.Furthermore, filtering is done with theBoolean operators (LIMIT-TO (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English")) AND (LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, "ar")) to limit only English documents and articles as document types, resulting in 141 documents.The third stage, analysis is carried out on the final document, search using Scopus analyzer and R-studio to find out the number of documents per year, documents by journal, author, affiliation, country, and subject / field.Then an analysis of the document network level was carried out by reading visualizations through VOSviewer and data management of Miscrosoft Excel.The detailed research procedure can be seen in figure 1 below.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
From 1922 to 2023, the Scopus algorithm identified 1.134 documents issued by ASEAN countries and the US.

Documen Analysis Analisis Dokumen
Key of Main Information About Data (Take from Bib-Shy).Table 2.1.1 provides an overview of the 141 documents collected over 101 years.Includes 251 authors, 78 single authors, 12.06% international authorship collaboration, 421 references with an average citation per document of 9.525 citations.Based on the picture below, in the second element, there are 10 authors, among the 10 most published articles, namely Robinson RS [39].
In the third element, each research topic is connected to the author who publishes research results with that theme.From the results of the analysis, there are 7 keywords that are often used.Hijab, Muslim Women, Islamophobia are the top positions.This shows that these keywords are closely related to research topics and titles that researchers will raise in the field of Islamophobia, with the theme Accusations of Islamophobia and Radicalism Against Muslim Women in Hijab: Bibliometric Analysis.13 Explaining which is the largest both in terms of SCP and MSCP, from the results of research data explains the 5 most published countries, the first most publications are the USA with the number of SCP 15 documents and MCP 5 documents, then the UK with the number of SCP 12 documents and 1 MCP, followed by Canada which has the SCP value alone with 10 documents, then the State of Indonesia with the number of SCP 9 documents and MCP 1 document, and the last State Australia with the number of SCP 4 documents and MCP 1 document.From this much data, it can be explained that the publication is dominated by the European continent.Explaining the dataset with co-occurance network analysis by drinking cluster 20, in the figure there are 3 clusters with colors, namely red, green, and blue.In the red cluster there are 41 items, in the green cluster there are 32 items, while in the blue cluster there are 25 items.In the picture below there are keywords that dominate, namely the keywords Radicalism and Muslim Women.

CONCLUSION
The results of this study data are to determine patterns in accusations of Islamophobia and Radicalism against Muslim women wearing hijab in Indonesia between 1922 and 2023.The analysis was conducted at five levels of broad bibliometric indicators, namely scientific production, author, country level, affiliation, source or journal.This bibliometric study provides many advantages at the beginning for analysts who want to know more and add insight into the accusations of Islamophobia and Radicalism against Muslim women wearing hijab in Indonesia.This research helps prospective researchers to gain new insights and trends in accusations of Islamophobia and Radicalism against Muslim women wearing hijab in Indonesia.

Figure 1
Figure 1 Research Flow

Figure 2 . 1 . 1
Figure 2.1.1 shows the development of publications in the field of Islamophobia that was first published in 1922 with a total of 1 publication, from 2013 to 2023 shows a steady development of publications, showing the development of an increase in publications with a decrease that is not too significant.

Figure 2 Figure 2 . 1 . 3
Figure 2.1.2 Year Charts Figure 2.1.3 Shows the name of the author that often appears, in the picture all author names have the same number of publications with the number of publications of 2 documents.

Figure 2 . 1 . 4 Figure 2 . 1 . 5
Figure 2.1.4 Name of Authors Charts Figure 2.1.5 shows that the most published universities, namely Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, University of State, and University of Alberta with the topic of Islamophobia have the same number of publications, which is as many as 3 documents[34][35].

Figure 2 . 1 . 6
Figure 2.1.6 Affiliation Charts Figure 2.1.7 shows the country that publishes the most articles, namely the United States with the number of publications as many as 25 documents, then continued by the United Kingdom with 21 documents, then the State of Indonesia with the number of publications as many as 15 documents.

Figure 2 Figure 2 . 1 . 9
Figure 2.1.8 Countries Charts Figure 2.1.9 The most relevant show is the Journal of Islamic Marketing and Religions with the same number of publications of 4 documents, followed by Hawwa with the number of publications of 3 documents[36]-[38].

Figure 2 Figure 2 . 1 . 11
Figure 2.1.10 Source Charts Figure 2.1.11 There are 3 elements examined, namely the name of the publication, journal, list of author names, and the theme or topic used.The three elements are interconnected by gray plot lines that are interrelated with each other.Based on the name of the journal, each journal that shows the author who contributes the most in its publication, especially those with the theme of Islamophobia.In the first element on the left, the size of the plot shows how much of the publication relates to the theme.Based on the picture below, there are 5 journals that have published the most related to the theme.The most published journals with the theme of Islamophobia are Hawwa and Culture and Religion, which are displayed in dark red because they have the same number of publications and are connected to one author who publishes the most articles, namely Robinson RS, with the number of incoming flow accounts; 2, and outcoming flow account; 4.Based on the picture below, in the second element, there are 10 authors, among the 10 most published articles, namely Robinson RS[39].In the third element, each research topic is connected to the author who publishes research results with that theme.From the results of the analysis, there are 7 keywords that are often used.Hijab, Muslim Women, Islamophobia are the top positions.This shows that these keywords are closely related to research topics and titles that researchers will raise in the field of Islamophobia, with the theme Accusations of Islamophobia and Radicalism Against Muslim Women in Hijab: Bibliometric Analysis.

Figure 2 . 1 .
Figure 2.1.13Explaining which is the largest both in terms of SCP and MSCP, from the results of research data explains the 5 most published countries, the first most publications are the USA with the number of SCP 15 documents and MCP 5 documents, then the UK with the number of SCP 12 documents and 1 MCP, followed by Canada which has the SCP value alone with 10 documents, then the State of Indonesia with the number of SCP 9 documents and MCP 1 document, and the last State Australia with the number of SCP 4 documents and MCP 1 document.From this much data, it can be explained that the publication is dominated by the European continent.

Figure 2 . 1 .
Figure 2.1.14 Corresponding Author's Countries Table 2.1.3 explain which papers have the largest total citations, and which papers have, the first largest article citation is Fekete, L, 2004, Race CL with 276 citation results and TC per year 13.80, the second largest is Afshar, H, 2008, Ethn Racial Stud with 100 citation results and TC per year 6.25 and the third largest Listerborn, C, 2015, Soc Cult Geogr with citation results of 71 and TC per year 7.89, it can be seen in the data table that the year published does not affect TC in each year[40].

Figure 2 . 2 . 1
Figure 2.2.1Explaining the dataset with co-occurance network analysis by drinking cluster 20, in the figure there are 3 clusters with colors, namely red, green, and blue.In the red cluster there are 41 items, in the green cluster there are 32 items, while in the blue cluster there are 25 items.In the picture below there are keywords that dominate, namely the keywords Radicalism and Muslim Women.

Figure 2 Figure 2 . 2 . 3
Figure 2.2. 2 Network Visualisation Figure 2.2. 3 Shows keyword network analysis based on co-occurance overlay.The use of keywords is often used from 2014 to 2022, and keywords that are still relatively used around the 2020s.It can be seen that the keywords Moderate, Racialication, and Racism are the keywords with usage in 2022 but few discuss.While the keyword Radicalism is a keyword with a relatively long usage around the 2016s and is often discussed.

Figure 2 Figure 2 . 2 . 5 ,
Figure 2.2. 4 Overlay Visualisation Figure 2.2. 5, Researchers analyzed the highest keyword density.The highest keyword density is indicated by bright yellow data in the example keywords Women Muslim, Radicalism, and Hijab, while the yellow data is blurred as in the example of Religion, Islamism, and Multiculturalism.

Figure 2 . 2 . 6
Figure 2.2.6 Density Visualisation Table2.2. 1 below shows keywords rather than co-occurrenceance density in each cluster that has a main theme in research in the field of Islamophobia.In the first cluster there are keywords Feminism, Hijabophobia, Islamophobia, and the second cluster there are keywords Discrimination, Hijab, Niqab, and the third cluster there are keywords Muslim, Liberalism, and Politics.