Monitoring Mining Impact for Geosites Using Time Series NDVI and Run-off in the Eastern Part of Southern Java Mountains, Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v38i2.2996Keywords:
Time Series, NDVI, Run Off, Geosite, Google Earth EngineAbstract
Several geosites in the Eastern Part of the Southern Mountains of Java which are currently being mined are important geosites because they have recorded tectonic processes in the tertiary period. However, mining activities without environmental monitoring could be lead loss of rock outcrops and alteration of mineralscontained in the geosite. This study aims to monitor the vegetation index and run off in karst geosites and gold mined hills. We used Sentinel 2A Imagery on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) to get the vegetation index (NDVI) and run off values temporally. The Sentinel 2A data acquisition pro-cess in both 2018 and 2022 was carried out on the Google Earth Engine with specific steps consisting import data from cloud collection, cloud masking, and customing date acquistion. The results show that there has been a decrease in the vegetation index in the period 2018-2022 which is indicated by the decrease in the vegetation index value in the mined area. Another impact found is that there has been an increase in the run-off value in 2022 in both the Karst Puger Hills and the Tumpang Pitu Hills. The NDVI pattern on mined geosites has also changed significantly due to increasingly intense mining activities. The NDVI fluctuation pattern in the Karst Hills in 2018-2020 ranges from 0.41 to 0.74, while in 2021-2022 the fluctuation pattern is only in the range 0.05 to 0.4, respectively. The NDVI fluctuation pattern in the Tumpang Pitu Gold Hills in 2018-2019 is in the range 0.6 to 0.8, while in 2020-2022 it is in the range 0.38 to 0.52, respectively. Google Earth Engine is able to map the vegeta-tion index more efficiently by using a time series approach. These advancement is different compare to previous studies, where our study shows rapid acquisition during pre-processing, performing NDVI with rapid temporal analysis, and shows numerous degraded land in southern java mountains. There-fore, it can be concluded that there has been a decrease in the vegetation index and an increase in run off which can threaten the rock outcrop on the geosite. Furthermore, this study suggest that GEE should be considered as a main tool to identified degraded land, particularly for geosite conservation.
Downloads
References
Ahmadi, M., Derafshi, K., Mokhtari, D., Khodadadi, M., & Najafi, E. (2022). Geodiversity Assessments and Geoconser-vation in the Northwest of Zagros Mountain Range, Iran: Grid and Fuzzy Method Analysis. Geoheritage, 14(4), 1-16. [Google Scholar]
Aiuppa, A., Bani, P., Moussallam, Y., Di Napoli, R., Allard, P., Gunawan, H., ... & Tamburello, G. (2015). First determi-nation of magma-derived gas emissions from Bromo volcano, eastern Java (Indonesia). Journal of Volcano-logy and Geothermal Research, 304, 206-213. doi: 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.09.008 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Avelar, S., & Tokarczyk, P. (2014). Analysis of land use and land cover change in a coastal area of Rio de Janeiro using high-resolution remotely sensed data. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, 8(1), 083631. doi: 10.1117/1.JRS.8.083631 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Ballesteros, D., Caldevilla, P., Vila, R., Barros, X. C., Rodríguez-Rodríguez, L., García-Ávila, M., ... & Alemparte, M. (2022). A GIS-supported Multidisciplinary Database for the Management of UNESCOGlobal Geoparks: the Courel Mountains Geopark (Spain). Geoheritage, 14(2), 1-34. [Google Scholar]
Briggs, A., Dowling, R., & Newsome, D. (2021). Geoparks–learnings from Australia. Journal of Tourism Futures, 9(3), 351-365. [Google Scholar]
Chen, J., Jönsson, P., Tamura, M., Gu, Z., Matsushita, B., & Eklundh, L. (2004). A simple method for reconstructing a high-quality NDVI time-series data set based on the Savitzky–Golay filter. Remote sensing of Environment, 91(3-4), 332-344. [Google Scholar]
Dede, M., Pramulatsih, G. P., Widiawaty, M. A., Ramadhan, Y. R. R., & Ati, A. (2019). Dinamika suhu permukaan dan kerapatan vegetasi di Kota Cirebon. Jurnal Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika, 6(1), 23-31. [Google Scholar]
Demir, S. (2023). Identification of burned areas using different threshold values of NDVI with Sentinel-2 satellite images on Google Earth Engine. Turkish Journal of Remote Sensing and GIS, 4(2), 262-275. [Google Scholar]
Demir, S., & Dursun, İ. (2023). Determining burned areas using different threshold values of NDVI with Sentinel-2 satel-lite images on GEE platform: A case study of Muğla province. Uluslararası Sürdürülebilir Mühendislik ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 7(2), 117-130. [Google Scholar]
Demir, S., & Dursun, İ. (2024). Assessment of pre-and post-fire erosion using the RUSLE equation in a watershed af-fected by the forest fire on Google Earth Engine: the study of Manavgat River Basin. Natural Hazards, 1-29.
Fabre, S., Gimenez, R., Elger, A., & Rivière, T. (2020). Unsupervised monitoring vegetation after the closure of an ore processing site with multi-temporal optical remote sensing. Sensors, 20(17), 4800. doi: 10.3390/s20174800 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Fu, H., Fu, B., Shi, P., & Zheng, Y. (2021). International geological significance of the potential Al-Medina volcanic UNESCO Global Geopark Project in Saudi Arabia revealed from multi-satellite remote sensing data. Heritage Science, 9(1), 1-10. [Google Scholar]
Gorelick, N., Hancher, M., Dixon, M., Ilyushchenko, S., Thau, D., & Moore, R. (2017). Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone. Remote sensing of Environment, 202, 18-27. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2017.06.031 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Herrera-Franco, G., Apolo-Masache, B., Escandón-Panchana, P., Jácome-Francis, K., Morante-Carballo, F., Mata-Perelló, J., & Carrión-Mero, P. (2022). Perception of the Geological-Mining Heritage to Promote Geotourism in Guayaquil, Ecuador. Geosciences, 12(9), 322. doi: 10.3390/geosciences12090322 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Hoang, Y. C., Yoshida, K., Tung, N. T., Danh, P. N., Ba, N., Hung, T. M. D., ... & Quy, N. T. M. (2018). Geological values of lava caves in Krongno volcano geopark, Dak Nong, Vietnam. Vietnam Journal of Earth Sciences, 40(4), 299-319. doi: 10.15625/0866-7187/40/4/13101 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Hu, Y., & Dong, Y. (2018). An automatic approach for land-change detection and land updates based on integrated NDVI timing analysis and the CVAPS method with GEE support. ISPRS journal of photogrammetry and re-mote sensing, 146, 347-359. doi: 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2018.10.008 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Jankowski, P., Najwer, A., Zwoliński, Z., & Niesterowicz, J. (2020). Geodiversity assessment with crowdsourced data and spatial multicriteria analysis. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 9(12), 716. doi: 10.3390/ijgi9120716 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Jia, Z., Wu, F., & Hou, D. (2023). Geodiversity, Geotourism, Geoconservation, and Sustainable Development in Lon-gyan Aspiring Geopark (China). Geoheritage, 15(1), 1-13. [Google Scholar]
Juanda, E. T., Martono, D. N., & Saria, L. (2021). Analysis vegetation change on coal mine reclamation using Norma-lized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 716, 012035. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/716/1/012035 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Julianto, F. D., Putri, D. P. D., & Safi’i, H. H. (2020). Analisis Perubahan Vegetasi dengan Data Sentinel-2 menggunakan Google Earth Engine (Studi Kasus Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta). Jurnal Penginderaan Jauh Indone-sia, 2(2), 13-18. [Google Scholar]
Kariuki, R. W., Munishi, L. K., Courtney-Mustaphi, C. J., Capitani, C., Shoemaker, A., Lane, P. J., & Marchant, R. (2021). Integrating stakeholders’ perspectives and spatial modelling to develop scenarios of future land use and land cover change in northern Tanzania. PloS One, 16(2), e0245516. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245516 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Kimijima, S., Sakakibara, M., Nagai, M., & Gafur, N. A. (2021). Time-Series Assessment of Camp-Type Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Sectors with Large Influxes of Miners Using LANDSAT Imagery. International Jour-nal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(18), 9441. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18189441 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Kuchler, A. W. (1967). Vegetation Mapping. New York: Ronald Press Co.
Lei, S., Ren, L., & Bian, Z. (2016). Time–space characterization of vegetation in a semiarid mining area using empirical orthogonal function decomposition of MODIS NDVI time series. Environmental Earth Sciences, 75, 1-11. doi: 10.1007/s12665-015-5122-z [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Leman, N., Ramli, M. F., & Khirotdin, R. P. K. (2016). GIS-based integrated evaluation of environmentally sensitive areas (ESAs) for land use planning in Langkawi, Malaysia. Ecological indicators, 61, 293-308. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.09.029 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Li, S., Sun, S., Yang, X., Sun, W., & Wu, Z. (2022). Detrital zircon U-Pb age perspective on the sediment provenance and its geological significance of sandstones in the Lamandau region, SW Borneo, Indonesia. Journal of Ocea-nology and Limnology, 40(2), 496-514. [Google Scholar]
Libassi, M. (2022). Gold conflict and contested conduct: Large-and small-scale mining subjectivities in Indonesia. Geoforum, 148, 103648. doi : 10.1016/j.geoforum.2022.10.005 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Lunt, P. (2019). The origin of the East Java Sea basins deduced from sequence stratigraphy. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 105, 17-31. doi: 10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.03.038 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Luo, X. (2015). An Integrated WebGIS-Based Mangement Platform of Geopark. The Open Construction & Building Technology Journal, 9(1). [Google Scholar]
Lupi, M., De Gori, P., Valoroso, L., Baccheschi, P., Minetto, R., & Mazzini, A. (2022). Northward migration of the Java-nese volcanic arc along thrust faults. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 577, 117258. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2021.117258 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Muslim, D., Zakaria, Z., Rachmat, H., Iqbal, P., Muslim, G. O., Sadewo, M. S., & Muslim, F. N. (2022). Identification of Geodiversity and Geosite Assessment around Geohazard Area of Suoh Aspiring Geopark in West Lampung, Sumatra, Indonesia. Resources, 11(11), 104. doi: 10.3390/resources11110104 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Muzaky, H., & Jaelani, L. M. (2019). Analisis Pengaruh Tutupan Lahan terhadap Distribusi Suhu Permukaan: Kajian Urban Heat Island di Jakarta, Bandung dan Surabaya. Jurnal Penginderaan Jauh Indonesia, 1(2), 45-51. [Google Scholar]
Nakada, S., Maeno, F., Yoshimoto, M., Hokanishi, N., Shimano, T., Zaennudin, A., & Iguchi, M. (2019). Eruption sce-narios of active volcanoes in Indonesia. Journal of Disaster Research, 14(1), 40-50. doi: 10.20965/jdr.2019.p0040 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Nazaruddin, D. A. (2017). Systematic studies of geoheritage in Jeli district, Kelantan, Malaysia. Geoheritage, 9(1), 19-33. [Google Scholar]
Negara, L. P., Lestari, D., Kurnianto, F. A., Ikhsan, F. A., Apriyanto, B., & Nurdin, E. A. (2021). An overview of deposi-tional environment between the mountains of southern java and the fold mountain of north java. In IOP Con-ference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 683(1), 012005. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/683/1/012005 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Othman, H., Abdul Rasam, A. R., & Jaini, N. (2020). GeoPark Management and GIS: Geospatial Tree Information In-ventory System. In Charting the Sustainable Future of ASEAN in Science and Technology (pp. 553-567). Sprin-ger, Singapore.
Portal, C. (2018). Geodiversity and Anthropocene Landscapes: New Perceptions and Aesthetic Renewal of Some Euro-pean “Coalscapes”. Environment, Space, Place, 10(1), 89-110. doi: 10.5749/envispacplac.10.1.0089 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Putri, R. A., & Supriatna, S. (2021). Land cover change modeling to identify critical land in the Ciletuh Geopark tourism area, Palabuhanratu, Sukabumi Regency. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 623(1), 012081. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/623/1/012081 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Reverte, F. C., Garcia, M. D. G. M., Brilha, J., & Pellejero, A. U. (2020). Assessment of impacts on ecosystem services provided by geodiversity in highly urbanised areas: A case study of the Taubaté Basin, Brazil. Environmental Science & Policy, 112, 91-106. doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2020.05.015 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Santos, D. S., Mansur, K. L., & Seoane, J. C. S. (2022). Classification Scheme for Geomorphosites’ GIS Database: Ap-plication to the Proposed Geopark Costões e Lagunas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Geoheritage, 14(3), 1-15. [Google Scholar]
Sapiie, B., Nugraha, M. A., Wardana, R. K., & Rifiyanto, A. (2017). Fracture Characteristics of Melange Complex Ba-sement in Bantimala Area, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, 4(3), 121-141. [Google Scholar]
Satyana, A. H. (2014). New Consideration on The Cretaceous Subduction Zone of Ciletuh-Luk Ulo-Bayat-Meratus: Implications for Southeast Sundaland Petroleum Geology. Retrieved from https://geologi.fitb.itb.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/sites/63/2021/09/IPA14-G-129.pdf
Scarsi, M., Crispini, L., Malatesta, C., Spagnolo, C., & Capponi, G. (2019). Geological map of a treasure chest of geodiversity: the Lavagnina Lakes Area (Alessandria, Italy). Geosciences, 9(5), 229. doi: 10.3390/geosciences9050229 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Shrestha, A., Liang, D., Qu, Y., Ghimirey, Y., Panthi, S., Innes, J. L., & Wang, G. (2021). Mapping distribution and iden-tifying gaps in protected area coverage of vulnerable clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) in Nepal: Implica-tions for conservation management. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 9(4), 441-449. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijgeop.2021.11.001 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Shui, W., & Xu, G. (2016). Analysis of the influential factors for changes to land use in China’s Xingwen Global Geo-park against a tourism development background. Geocarto International, 31(1), 22-41. [Google Scholar]
Singh, B. V. R., Sen, A., Verma, L. M., Mishra, R., & Kumar, V. (2021). Assessment of potential and limitation of Jhamarkotra area: A perspective of geoheritage, geo park and geotourism. International Journal of Geoheri-tage and Parks, 9(2), 157-171. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgeop.2021.04.001 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Smyth, H. R., Hall, R., & Nichols, G. J. (2008). Cenozoic volcanic arc history of East Java, Indonesia: The stratigraphic record of eruptions on an active continental margin. Special Papers-Geological Society of America, 436, 199. [Google Scholar]
Smyth, H. R., Hamilton, P. J., Hall, R., & Kinny, P. D. (2007). The deep crust beneath island arcs: inherited zircons re-veal a Gondwana continental fragment beneath East Java, Indonesia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 258(1-2), 269-282. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.03.044 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sobrino, J. A., Jiménez-Muñoz, J. C., & Paolini, L. (2004). Land surface temperature retrieval from LANDSAT TM 5. Remote Sensing of environment, 90(4), 434-440. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2004.02.003 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sun, X., Yuan, L., Liu, M., Liang, S., Li, D., & Liu, L. (2022). Quantitative estimation for the impact of mining activities on vegetation phenology and identifying its controlling factors from Sentinel-2 time series. International Jour-nal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 111, 102814. doi: 10.1016/j.jag.2022.102814 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sunarta, I. N., & Saifulloh, M. (2022). Coastal Tourism: Impact For Built-Up Area Growth And Correlation To Vege-tation And Water Indices Derived From Sentinel-2 Remote Sensing Imagery. Geo Journal of Tourism and Geo-sites, 41(2), 509-516. doi: 10.30892/gtg.41223-857 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Tang, Y., & Liang, Y. (2022). Staged authenticity and nostalgia of mining tourists in the Jiayang mining Geo-park of China. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 1-19. doi: 10.1080/14766825.2022.2090259 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Tian, F., Wang, Y., Fensholt, R., Wang, K., Zhang, L., & Huang, Y. (2013). Mapping and evaluation of NDVI trends from synthetic time series obtained by blending Landsat and MODIS data around a coalfield on the Loess Pla-teau. Remote Sensing, 5(9), 4255-4279. doi: 10.3390/rs5094255 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Ummah, K., Sukiyah, E., Rosana, M. F., & Alam, B. Y. C. S. (2018). Remote sensing identification of possible meteorite impact crater on Ciletuh, West Jawa. International Journal on Advance Science Engineering Information Technology, 8(0), 5. [Google Scholar]
Utami, S. R., Mees, F., Dumon, M., Qafoku, N. P., & Van Ranst, E. (2019). Charge fingerprint in relation to mineralogi-cal composition of Quaternary volcanic ash along a climatic gradient on Java Island, Indonesia. Catena, 172, 547-557. [Google Scholar]
Wu, C., Zhang, Z., Rosana, M. F., Shu, Q., Zheng, C., Xu, J., ... & Jin, Z. (2019). The continental crust contributes to magmatic hydrothermal gold deposit in Ciemas, West Java, Indonesia: Constraints from Hf isotopes of zircons and in situ Pb isotopes of sulfides. Ore Geology Reviews, 112, 103010. [Google Scholar]
Xulu, S., Phungula, P. T., Mbatha, N., & Moyo, I. (2021). Multi-Year Mapping of Disturbance and Reclamation Pat-terns over Tronox’s Hillendale Mine, South Africa with DBEST and Google Earth Engine. Land, 10(7), 760. [Google Scholar]
Yang, Z., Shen, Y., Li, J., Jiang, H., & Zhao, L. (2021). Unsupervised monitoring of vegetation in a surface coal mining region based on NDVI time series. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-10. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-17696-9 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Yongli, W. A. N. G., & Weihong, D. (2017). Application of ZY1-02C remote sensing data to the investigation of geo-parks: taking Jixian County, Tianjin City for example. Remote Sensing for Natural Resources, 29(1), 95-100. [Google Scholar]
Zhang, X., Estoque, R. C., & Murayama, Y. (2017). An urban heat island study in Nanchang City, China based on land surface temperature and social-ecological variables. Sustainable cities and society, 32, 557-568. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2017.05.005 [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Fahmi Arif Kurnianto, Elan Artono Nurdin, Era Iswara Pangastuti, Syintia Bella
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
