Risk Factors For Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Literature Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23917/fisiomu.v7i2.17426Keywords:
ADHD, risk factors, children, prenatal, postnatalAbstract
Introduction: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that affect children’s social and academic functioning. ADHD has a multifactorial etiology involving interactions among biological, genetic, environmental, psychosocial, and economic factors during the prenatal and postnatal periods. This study aimed to identify the prevalence and dominant risk factors contributing to the incidence of ADHD in children based on previous research findings. Methods: This study employed a systematic literature review following the PRISMA guidelines and the PECO framework. Articles were searched through the PubMed and ScienceDirect databases between October and November 2025, with inclusion criteria consisting of children aged 0–18 years, observational study designs, discussion of ADHD risk factors, English language, and publications from 2015 to 2025. Results: A total of 28 articles met the inclusion criteria, comprising 13 prenatal phase studies (46.4%) and 15 postnatal phase studies (53.6%). Biological factors were the most dominant component (49.0%), followed by environmental (22.2%), psychosocial (13.3%), genetic (11.1%), and economic factors (4.4%). Conclusion: ADHD in children results from multifactorial interactions, highlighting the need for multidisciplinary approaches and multifactorial interventions beginning in the prenatal period to support prevention and early detection.
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