Land Suitability Evaluation for Citrus Cultivation using GIS and AHP for Different Land Units in Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.14319Keywords:
Land unit, Analytic Hierarchy Process, Land Suitability, CitrusAbstract
The objective of this research is to evaluate the suitability of land for horticultural crops, particularly citrus cultivation, in an effort to increase productivity and support food security in Indonesia. The FAO land evaluation workflow through the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was employed, together with the geographic information system (GIS), with several stages of activities such as preparation, survey and data analysis. In the initial stage, a land unit (LU) was formed to facilitate survey activities, data collection and data analysis. The data are analyzed for actual land suitability, followed by AHP analysis to determine relative priorities and potential land suitability. Our study shows that AHP technology is very effective in determining priority weights, as indicated by a consistency ratio (CR) value of <0.1. This condition implies a high and strong dependence on the environment. Environmental parameters that influence the evaluation and have a significant impact on citrus land suitability include rainfall (16%), drainage (15%), soil texture (12%) and erosion risk (4%). The results of the AHP analysis show that 18.57% of the study area is highly suitable (S1) for citrus plants; 65.28% is moderately suitable (S2); and 16.15% is slightly suitable (S3). The principal constraints of the soils are low nutrient content, poor rooting condition, and erosion risk. According to the study, management techniques such as the incorporation of organic matter and inorganic fertilizers, and the addition of mounding soil for plant systems, such as surface or subsurface drains, are required for long-term productivity.
Downloads
References
Abate, S. G., Belay, A. M., Ambaye, B. A., Shembo, A. K., Cherie, D. S., Tiruneh, M. B., & Bekele, T. A. (2024). Oxytenanthera abyssinica (A. Rich.) Munro land suitability evaluation in the Kurar watershed, Abay Gorge, Upper Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia. Advances in Bamboo Science, 8(1). doi: 10.1016/j.bamboo.2024.100104
Aburas, M. M., Abdullah, S. H. O., Ramli, M. F., & Asha’Ari, Z. H. (2017). Land Suitability Analysis of Urban Growth in Seremban Malaysia, Using GIS Based Analytical Hierarchy Process. Procedia Engineering, 198, 1128–1136. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.07.155
Abuzaid, A. S., & Abdelatif, A. D. (2022). Assessment of desertification using modified MEDALUS model in the north Nile Delta, Egypt. Geoderma, 405, 115400. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115400
Agrawal, N., Govil, H., & Kumar, T. (2024). Agricultural land suitability classification and crop suggestion using machine learning and spatial multicriteria decision analysis in semi-arid ecosystem. In Environment, Development and Sustainability, 0123456789. doi: 10.1007/s10668-023-04440-1
Ashari, H., Hanif, Z., & Supriyanto, A. (2015). Kajian Dampak Iklim Ekstrim Curah Hujan Tinggi (La-Nina) Pada Jeruk Siam (Citrus Nobilis var. Microcarpa) Di Kabupaten Banyuwangi, Jember Dan Lumajang. Planta Tropika: Journal of Agro Science, 2(1), 49–55. doi: 10.18196/pt.2014.023.49-55
Baker, L., Bender, J., Ferguson, J., Rassler, S., Pitta, D., Chann, S., & Dou, Z. (2024). Resources , Conservation & Recycling Leveraging dairy cattle to upcycle culled citrus fruit for emission mitigation and resource co-benefits : A case study. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 203, 107452. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107452
Bao, T., Damtie, M. M., Wang, C. Y., Li, C. L., Chen, Z., CHO, K., Wei, W., Yuan, P., Frost, R. L., & Ni, B. J. (2024). Iron-containing nanominerals for sustainable phosphate management: A comprehensive review and future perspectives. Science of the Total Environment, 926(3), 172025. doi: /10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172025
Basuki, Anggriawan, R., Sari, V. K., & Rohman, F. A. (2024). Soil classification and prediction model for critical land on the slopes of Mount Raung in Indonesia. Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management, 11(3), 5610–5621. https://doi.org/10.15243/jdmlm.2024.113.5610
Basuki, B., Adib, A. R., Destiawan, H. A., & Sari, V. K. (2025). Land characterization and management in the marine-volcanic area of Mount Semeru , Indonesia : A case study of sugarcane commodities. Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management, 12(3), 7765–7778. doi: 10.15243/jdmlm.2025.123.7765
Basuki, B., Hermiyanto, B., Budiman, S. A., & Alfarisy, F. K. (2023). The evaluation of land use cover changes through the composite approach of Landsat 8 and the land use capability index for the Bedadung watershed. Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management, 10(4), 4659. doi: 10.15243/jdmlm.2023.104.4659
Basuki, B., Mandala, M., Bowo, C., & Fitriani, V. (2022). Evaluation of the suitability of a sugarcane plant in mount argopura’s volcanic land using a geographic information system. Jurnal Ilmiah Rekayasa Pertanian Dan Biosistem, 10(1), 145–160. doi: 10.29303/jrpb.v10i1.315
Basuki, B., & Sari, V. K. (2020). Efektifitas Dolomit Dalam Mempertahankan pH Tanah Inceptisol Perkebunan Tebu Blimbing Djatiroto. Buletin Tanaman Tembakau, Serat & Minyak Industri, 11(2), 58. doi: 10.21082/btsm.v11n2.2019.58-64
Basuki, B., Setiawati, T. C., Hermiyanto, B., Budiman, S. A., & Sari, V. K. (2026). Land suitability for chili on the slopes of Mount Raung , Indonesia , towards sustainable agriculture. Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management, 13(1), 9385–9398. doi: 10.15243/jdmlm.2026.131.9385
Basuki, B., Sulistiawati, N., Verdian, D., & Naely, Z. (2023). The sensitivity level of landslide risk using Geographic Information System on the slopes of Mount Argopura , East Java , Indonesia. 11(1), 4949–4959. doi: 10.15243/jdmlm.2023.111.4949
Bhandari, D., Joshi, R., Regmi, R. R., & Awasthi, N. (2021). Assessment of Soil Erosion and Its Impact on Agricultural Productivity by Using the RMMF Model and Local Perception: A Case Study of Rangun Watershed of Mid-Hills, Nepal. Applied and Environmental Soil Science, 747138. doi: 10.1155/2021/5747138
Bisnis, K. (2024). BRI Dampingi Klaster Jeruk Semboro di Jember Terapkan Pertanian Berkelanjutan. Retrieved From Https://Kumparan.Com/Kumparanbisnis/Bri-Dampingi-Klaster-Jeruk-Semboro-Di-Jember-Terapkan-Pertanian -Berkelanjutan-23Van3WAmXL/2.
Chen, L., Wang, X., Cai, X., Yang, C., & Lu, X. (2021). Seasonal variations of daytime land surface temperature and their underlying drivers over Wuhan, China. Remote Sensing, 13(2), 1–22. doi: 10.3390/rs13020323
Cheng, M., Wang, H., Zhang, F., Wang, X., Liao, Z., Zhang, S., Yang, Q., & Fan, J. (2023). Effects of irrigation and fertilization regimes on tuber yield, water-nutrient uptake and productivity of potato under drip fertigation in sandy regions of northern China. Agricultural Water Management, 287(7), 108459. doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108459
Choudhary, M., Garg, K., Reddy, M. B., Meena, B. L., Mondal, B., Tuti, M. D., Kumar, S., Awasthi, M. K., Giri, B. S., Kumar, S., & Rajawat, M. V. S. (2024). Unlocking growth potential: Synergistic potassium fertilization for enhanced yield, nutrient uptake, and energy fractions in Chinese cabbage. Heliyon, 10(7), e28765. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28765
Dessalegn, D., Beyene, S., Nandram, Walley, F., & Gala, T. S. (2014). Effects of topography and land use on soil characteristics along the toposequence of Ele watershed in southern Ethiopia. Catena, 115, 47–54. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2013.11.007
Dornik, A., Cheţan, M. A., Crişan, T. E., Heciko, R., Gora, A., Drăguţ, L., & Panagos, P. (2024). Geospatial evaluation of the agricultural suitability and land use compatibility in Europe’s temperate continental climate region. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 12. doi: 10.1016/j.iswcr.2024.01.002
Dutta, C. K., Duwarah, A., Borah, A., Boruah, P., Das, C., & Das, A. (2024). Land suitability and human adaptation: River Siang from Sangam to Pongging, Arunachal Pradesh, India. World Development Sustainability, 5(1). doi: 10.1016/j.wds.2024.100179
Elshahat, A., Elatafi, E., Mei, L., Gobena, A. A., Zaman, F., Abdelsalam, M. A., Alam, S. M., Borham, A., Khan, M. A., & Liu, Y. Z. (2025). Evaluation of physiological performance and fruit quality of citrus trees under colored shade nets and open field conditions: A comparative study. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 19(4), 101538. doi: 10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101538
Freidenreich, A., Dattamudi, S., Li, Y., & Jayachandran, K. (2022). Influence of Leguminous Cover Crops on Soil Chemical and Biological Properties in a No‐Till Tropical Fruit Orchard. Land, 11(6), 1–18. doi: 10.3390/land11060932
Frick, H., Bünemann, E. K., Hernandez-Mora, A., Eigner, H., Geyer, S., Duboc, O., Santner, J., Recena, R., Delgado, A., D´Oria, A., Arkoun, M., Tóth, Z., Jauhiainen, L., & Ylivainio, K. (2025). Bio-based fertilisers can replace conventional inorganic P fertilisers under European pedoclimatic conditions. Field Crops Research, 325(1). doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2025.109803
Fu, E., Myrans, H., & Gleadow, R. M. (2025). Saline irrigation improves survival of forage sorghum but limits growth and increases toxicity. Plant Biology, 27, 401–409. doi: 10.1111/plb.70009
Getachew, B., Manjunatha, B. R., & Bhat, G. H. (2021). Assessing current and projected soil loss under changing land use and climate using RUSLE with Remote sensing and GIS in the Lake Tana Basin, Upper Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia. Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 24(3), 907–918. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrs.2021.10.001
Gizawu Garbaba, F., & Negasa Wolteji, B. (2024). Application of geospatial technology on land suitability analysis for wheat and maize farming: In a case of Guder sub-watershed North West Oromia, Ethiopia. Heliyon, 10(13), e33557. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33557
Hofmann, A. H., Liesegang, S. L., Keuter, V., Eticha, D., Steinmetz, H., & Katayama, V. T. (2024). Nutrient recovery from wastewater for hydroponic systems: A comparative analysis of fertilizer demand, recovery products, and supply potential of WWTPs. Journal of Environmental Management, 352, 119960. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119960
Hosen, B., Islam, R., Tahera-tun-humayra, U., Sharker, R., Kader, Z., Aziz, T., Miah, M., Hasan, M., Pervin, R., & Hossain, A. (2025). Assessing land suitability for dragon fruit cultivation in Bangladesh: a GIS-based AHP approach. Smart Agricultural Technology, 101241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2025.101241
How Jin Aik, D., Ismail, M. H., Muharam, F. M., & Alias, M. A. (2021). Evaluating the impacts of land use/land cover changes across topography against land surface temperature in Cameron Highlands. Plos One, 16(5), e0252111. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252111
Jerand, P., Linderholm, J., Hedman, S. D., & Olsen, B. B. (2016). Spatial perspectives on hearth row site organisation in Northern Fennoscandia through the analysis of soil phosphate content. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 5, 361–373. doi: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.12.007
Jimoh, A. I., Mbaya, A. L., Akande, D., Agaku, D. T., & Haruna, S. (2020). Impact of toposequence on soil properties and classification in Zaria, Kaduna State, northern Guinea Savanna, Nigeria. Eqa-International Journal of Environmental Quality, 38, 48–58. doi: 10.6092/issn.2281-4485/10043
Karki, N., Achhami, H., Pachhai, B. B., Bhattarai, S., Shahi, D. K., Bhatt, L. R., & Joshi, M. K. (2024). Evaluating citrus juice: A comparative study of physicochemical, nutraceutical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of citrus juices from Nepal. Heliyon, 10(23), e40773. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e40773
Leite, A. P., Duarte, A. C., Marchiori, L., Morais, M. V., Studart, A., & Cavaleiro, V. (2024). The Application of Soil Erosion Models of an Agroforestry Basin under Mediterranean Conditions from a Geotechnical Point of View. Land, 13(10), 1–17. doi: 10.3390/land13101613
Li, Z., Duan, S., Ouyang, X., Song, S., Chen, D., Fan, X., Ding, H., & Shen, H. (2024). Coupled soil moisture management and alginate oligosaccharide strategies enhance citrus orchard production, water and potassium use efficiency by improving the rhizosphere soil environment. Agricultural Water Management, 297(4). doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2024.108828
Lima, C. A., Contato, A. G., Oliveira, F. De, Silva, S. S., Hidalgo, V. B., Irfan, M., Gambarato, B. C., Carvalho, A. K. F., & Bento, H. B. S. (2025). Trends in Enzyme Production from Citrus By-Products. Processes, 13(766), 1–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13030766
Liu, Q., Wu, Z., Cui, N., Zheng, S., Zhu, S., Jiang, S., Wang, Z., Gong, D., Wang, Y., & Zhao, L. (2024). Soil moisture content estimation of drip-irrigated citrus orchard based on UAV images and machine learning algorithm in Southwest China. Agricultural Water Management, 303(3). doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109069
Ma, D., Peng, S., & Lin, Z. (2025). Towards a more comprehensive scenario analysis: Response of soil erosion to future land use and climate change in the Central Yunnan Urban Agglomeration, China. Journal of Environmental Management, 376. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124523
Madsen, H. E. L. (2019). Influence of calcium and aluminum on crystallization of vivianite, Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O. Journal of Crystal Growth, 526(6). doi: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2019.125242
Marghmi, A., Ben Cheikha, L., Mabrouk El Asmi, A., & Gueddari, M. (2024). Soil erosion risk assessment of the Lakhmess watershed (northwestern Tunisia) via the SEAGIS model: Inferred prioritization of risky sub-watersheds. International Journal of Sediment Research, 39(6), 868–884. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsrc.2024.08.001
Miao, F., Wu, Y., Török, Á., Li, L., & Xue, Y. (2022). Centrifugal model test on a riverine landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir induced by rainfall and water level fluctuation. Geoscience Frontiers, 13(3), 101378. doi: 10.1016/j.gsf.2022.101378
Mustafa, A., Paena, M., Athirah, A., Ratnawati, E., Asaf, R., Suwoyo, H. S., Sahabuddin, S., Hendrajat, E. A., Kamaruddin, K., Septiningsih, E., Sahrijanna, A., Marzuki, I., & Nisaa, K. (2022). Temporal and Spatial Analysis of Coastal Water Quality to Support Application of Whiteleg Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Intensive Pond Technology. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(5). doi: 10.3390/su14052659
Mustofa, A., Utami, S. N. H., & Purwanto, B. H. (2024). Soil quality index in some cropping systems in plot 17 of Wanagama forest, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Sains Tanah, 21(1), 1–14. doi: 10.20961/stjssa.v21i1.65454
Nath, A. J., Kumar, R., Devi, N. B., Rocky, P., Giri, K., Sahoo, U. K., Bajpai, R. K., Sahu, N., & Pandey, R. (2021). Agroforestry land suitability analysis in the Eastern Indian Himalayan region. Environmental Challenges, 4(4), 100199. doi: 10.1016/j.envc.2021.100199
Negussie, K. G., Gebrekidan, B. H., Wyss, D., & Kappas, M. (2024). Assessing land suitability for leguminous crops in the okavango river basin: A multicriteria and machine learning approach. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 135. doi: 10.1016/j.jag.2024.104284
Ng, J. F., Ahmed, O. H., Omar, L., Jalloh, M. B., Kwan, Y. M., Musah, A. A., & Chowdhury, A. J. K. (2024). Improving pH buffering capacity of an acid soil to regulate nutrient retention and mitigate water pollution using Calciprill and sodium silicate. Desalination and Water Treatment, 319, 100491. doi: 10.1016/j.dwt.2024.100491
Nuru, M., Debele, M., Tefera, A., & Gelaw, A. (2025). Geospatial techniques-based land suitability analysis for sustainable production of major crops in Sile Watershed of Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Heliyon, 11(1). doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e41477
Ogg, C. M., Gulley, C. D., Reed, J. M., & Ferguson, C. A. (2017). Soil property trends and classification of alluvial floodplains, South Carolina Coastal Plain. Geoderma, 305, 122–135. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.05.046
Oliveira, R. C., da Silva, J. R. R., Lana, R. M. Q., Pereira, A. I. de A., Castoldi, R., de Camargo, R., & Luz, J. M. Q. (2021). Fertilizer application levels in potato crops and the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (Dris). Agronomy, 11(1), 1–13. doi: 10.3390/agronomy11010051
Rijsdijk, A., Sampurno Bruijnzeel, L. A., & Sutoto, C. K. (2007). Runoff and sediment yield from rural roads, trails and settlements in the upper Konto catchment, East Java, Indonesia. Geomorphology, 87(1–2), 28–37. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.06.040
Ritung, S., Nugroho, K., Mulyani, A., & Suryani, E. (2011). Petunjuk Teknis Evaluasi Lahan untuk Komoditas Pertanian (Edisi Revisi). In Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Sumberdaya Lahan Pertanian, Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian.
Romshoo, S. A., Yousuf, A., Altaf, S., & Amin, M. (2021). Evaluation of Various DEMs for Quantifying Soil Erosion Under Changing Land Use and Land Cover in the Himalaya. Frontiers in Earth Science, 9(1), 1–16. doi: 10.3389/feart.2021.782128
Sadiq, F. K., Yaqub, M. T., Maniyunda, L. M., Alalwany, A. K. A. M., Abubakar, F., & Anyebe, O. (2025). Soil classification and land suitability evaluation for tomato cultivation using analytic hierarchy process under different land uses. Heliyon, 11(1), 1–14. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e41681
Sathiyamurthi, S., Karuppannan, S. S. S., & Sivasakthi, R. B. M. (2024). Discover Sustainability Agricultural land suitability of Manimutha Nadhi watershed using AHP and GIS techniques. Discover Sustainability, 5(270), 1–20. doi: 10.1007/s43621-024-00471-4
Sedláˇcková, K., Ševelová, L., Igaz, D., & Aydın, E. (2024). Determination of Particle Size Distribution : Comparison of Standard Hydrometer Method and Laser Diffraction Analysis for Use in Forestry. Forests, 15(327), 1–16.
Sugianto, S., Deli, A., Miswar, E., Rusdi, M., & Irham, M. (2022). The Effect of Land Use and Land Cover Changes on Flood Occurrence in Teunom Watershed, Aceh Jaya. Land, 11(8). doi: 10.3390/land11081271
Supriyadi, S., Rahayu, R., Herdiansyah, G., Herawati, A., & Novianti, D. R. (2023). Assessment of Land Characteristics and Suitability for Citrus Development in Dry Land Punung, Pacitan Regency. Journal of Tropical Soils, 29(2), doi: 10.5400/jts.2024.v29i2.67-77
Susila, K. D. (2013). Studi Keharaan Tanaman dan Evaluasi Kesuburan Tanah di Lahan Pertanaman Jeruk Desa Cenggiling , Kecamatan Kuta Selatan. 3(2), 13–20.
Sys, C., Van Ranst, E., & Debaveye, J. (1991). Land Evaluation Part I: Principles in Land Evaluation and Crop Production Calculations. Retrieved From https://doi.org/Ghent, Belgium: General Administration for Development Cooperation, Agricultural Publications No. 7
Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi, R., Nabiollahi, K., Rasoli, L., Kerry, R., & Scholten, T. (2020). Land suitability assessment and agricultural production sustainability using machine learning models. Agronomy, 10(4), 1–20. doi: yir, S. M., Muluneh, A., & Danbara, T. T. (2025). Land suitability evaluation using GIS and multicriteria decision analysis for cashew cultivation in the Abaya-Chamo Watershed, Ethiopia. Smart Agricultural Technology, 10(1). doi: 10.1016/j.atech.2024.100744
Tantuoyir, S. M., Muluneh, A., & Danbara, T. T. (2025). Land suitability evaluation using GIS and multicriteria decision analysis for cashew cultivation in the Abaya-Chamo Watershed, Ethiopia. Smart Agricultural Technology, 10, 100744. doi: 10.1016/j.atech.2024.100744
Wang, Q., Li, F., Zhao, X., Zhao, W., Zhang, D., Zhou, X., Sample, D. J., Wang, X., Liu, Q., Li, X., Li, G., Wang, H., Zhang, K., & Chen, J. (2022). Runoff and nutrient losses in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L) production with tied-ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting on sloping land. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 10(2), 308–323. doi: 10.1016/j.iswcr.2021.09.005
Wang, S., Xie, W., & Yan, X. (2022). Effects of Future Climate Change on Citrus Quality and Yield in China. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(15). doi: 10.3390/su14159366
Wu, Z., Cui, N., Zhang, W., Yang, Y., Gong, D., Liu, Q., Zhao, L., Xing, L., He, Q., Zhu, S., Zheng, S., Wen, S., & Zhu, B. (2024). Estimation of soil moisture in drip-irrigated citrus orchards using multi-modal UAV remote sensing. Agricultural Water Management, 302. doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2024.108972
Xing, Y., Chen, M., & Wang, X. (2025). Enhancing water use efficiency and fruit quality in jujube cultivation: A review of advanced irrigation techniques and precision management strategies. Agricultural Water Management, 307, 109243. doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2024.109243
Xu, X., Shi, Z., Li, D., Rey, A., Ruan, H., Craine, J. M., Liang, J., Zhou, J., & Luo, Y. (2016). Soil properties control decomposition of soil organic carbon: Results from data-assimilation analysis. Geoderma, 262, 235–242. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.08.038
Xue, R., Zhang, X., Cai, Y., Wang, M., Deng, Q., Zhang, H., & Kawaike, K. (2021). Numerical simulation of landslide dam overtopping failure considering headward erosion. Journal of Hydrology, 601, 126608. doi: 0.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126608
Yang, X., Wang, S., Lu, D., Shao, Y., Feng, Z., & Wang, Z. (2024). Ecological Adaptation and Sustainable Cultivation of Citrus reticulata by Applying Mixed Design Principles under Changing Climate in China. Remote Sensing, 16(13). doi: 10.3390/rs16132338
Yeneneh, N., Elias, E., & Feyisa, G. L. (2024). Monitoring soil quality of different land use systems: a case study in Suha watershed, northwestern highlands of Ethiopia. Environmental Systems Research, 13(1). doi: 10.1186/s40068-024-00336-9
Zaniboni, A., Balfors, B., Kalantari, Z., Page, J., Tassinari, P., & Torreggiani, D. (2025). GIS-based multicriteria land suitability assessment for nature-based solutions for the enhancement of carbon sequestration in Emilia-Romagna, Italy. Land Use Policy, 157, 107632. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2025.107632
Zeraatpisheh, M., Bakhshandeh, E., Hosseini, M., & Alavi, S. M. (2020). Assessing the effects of deforestation and intensive agriculture on the soil quality through digital soil mapping. Geoderma, 363 (1), 114139. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.114139
Zhang, Q., Qin, W., Cao, W., Jiao, J., Yin, Z., & Xu, H. (2022). Response of erosion reduction effect of typical soil and water conservation measures in cropland to rainfall and slope gradient changes and their applicable range in the Chinese Mollisols Region, Northeast China. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 11 (2), 251-262. doi: 10.1016/j.iswcr.2022.10.005
Zhao, F., Bin Yang, Zhu, X., Ma, S., Xie, E., Zeng, H., Li, C., & Wu, J. (2023). An increase in intercropped species richness improves plant water use but weakens the nutrient status of both intercropped plants and soil in rubber–tea agroforestry systems. Agricultural Water Management, 284, 108353. doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2023.108353
Zhong, Q., Zhang, S., Chen, H., Li, T., Zhang, C., Xu, X., Mao, Z., Gong, G., Deng, O., Deng, L., Zhang, Y., Pu, Y., & Wang, L. (2019). The influence of climate, topography, parent material and vegetation on soil nitrogen fractions Catena, 175, 329–338. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2018.12.027
Zhu, X., Ros, G. H., Xu, M., Xu, D., Cai, Z., Sun, N., Duan, Y., & de Vries, W. (2024). The contribution of natural and anthropogenic causes to soil acidification rates under different fertilization practices and site conditions in southern China. Science of the Total Environment, 934 (5), 172986. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172986
Downloads
Submitted
Accepted
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Basuki Basuki, Zaky Fahrian Rizaldi, Vega Kartika Sari, Sukron Romadhona
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
